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Scottish Football League

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Scottish Football League (SFL)
Founded1890
Folded2013
Country Scotland
ConfederationUEFA
Last championsPartick Thistle
(2012–13)
Most championshipsRangers (47 titles)[note 1]

The Scottish Football League (SFL) is a defunct league featuring professional and semi-professional football clubs mostly from Scotland.[note 2] From its foundation in 1890 until the breakaway Scottish Premier League (SPL) was formed in 1998, the SFL was the top level of football in Scotland. After 1998, the SFL represented levels 2 to 4 of the Scottish football league system. In June 2013, the SFL merged with the SPL to form the Scottish Professional Football League.

The SFL was associated with a title sponsor from the 1985–86 season. As this sponsor changed over the years the league was known in turn as the Fine Fare League, B&Q League, Bell's Scottish Football League and finally as the Irn-Bru Scottish Football League. The SFL also organised two knock-out cup competitions, the Scottish League Cup and the Scottish Challenge Cup.

History

[edit]
See also: History of Scottish football

Formation

[edit]

Organised football in Scotland began in 1873 with the formation of the Scottish Football Association (SFA).[1] During the next 15 years or so, clubs would play friendly matches, Scottish Cup ties and local cup (e.g. Glasgow Cup or East of Scotland Shield) ties.[1] The Football League, initially containing clubs from the North West and Midlands of England, was formed in 1888.[2] This had been done in response to the professionalisation of football in England in 1885, with the regular diet of league fixtures replacing the haphazard arrangement of friendlies.[2] Many Scottish players, known as the Scotch Professors, moved to the English league clubs to receive the relatively high salaries on offer.[3]

This prompted Scottish clubs into thinking about forming their own league. In March 1890, the secretary of Renton wrote to thirteen other clubs inviting them to discuss the organisation of a league.[3] All of the clubs accepted the invitation, except Queen's Park and Clyde.[4] Amateur club Queen's Park, who were the oldest organised club in Scotland and had played a key role in the development of football, were opposed to the league because it would lead to professionalism and eliminate many of the smaller clubs.[4] These concerns were to prove well-founded, as six of the founder members would leave the league before 1900.[4]

The Scottish Football League (SFL) was inaugurated on 30 April 1890.[5] The first season of competition, 1890–91, commenced with 11 clubs because St Bernard's were not elected.[5] The eleven original clubs in membership were Abercorn, Cambuslang, Celtic, Cowlairs, Dumbarton, Heart of Midlothian, Rangers, Renton, St Mirren, Third Lanark and Vale of Leven.[6] Renton were expelled after five games of the 1890–91 season[7] for playing against St Bernard's, who had been found guilty of concealed professionalism. Renton raised an action against the SFA in the Court of Session and won, which meant that their SFA and SFL memberships were restored.[7]

In the 1890–91 season, Rangers and Dumbarton were level at the top of the league on 29 points.[7] The teams drew 2–2 in a play-off match, but no further thought had been given to separating teams by another method and the championship was shared.[7] Goal average was introduced for the 1921–22 season and replaced by goal difference for the 1971–72 season.[8]

Split into divisions

[edit]

The league proved to be highly successful, and in 1893, a second tier was formed by the inclusion of a number of clubs previously in the Scottish Football Alliance. Promotion was initially based on a ballot of clubs; automatic promotion was not introduced until 1922.

The onset of World War I saw Division Two but not Division One being suspended, not restarting again until 1921 when the Central Football League was absorbed as a new division with automatic promotion.

Note: in contemporary sources the divisions were often referred to as 'First' and 'Second' rather than 'One' and 'Two'; the latter format has been used throughout the site to avoid confusion with the league's First and Second Division, each one tier lower than their predecessor, introduced in the 1970s (see below).

Division Three

[edit]

In 1923, the League decided to introduce a third tier. The Western League was used as its backbone[9] but the new set-up lasted only three years before it collapsed under heavy financial losses. From 1926 until 1946, the League reverted to two divisions with many of the third tier clubs joining the second iteration of Scottish Football Alliance.[10]

Post-World War II reforms saw the League resume with three divisions, renamed 'A', 'B' and 'C' with the last section also including reserve sides.[11][12] In 1947, league championship trophies were introduced for the first time for the top two divisions, until then only flags had been presented to the winners. The new trophies were engraved with the names of all previous winners. [13]

In 1949, the 'C' Division was expanded to two sections – South-East (North-East from 1950) and South-West. The withdrawal of the reserves from 'C' Division in 1955 saw a return to two divisions with the 5 first teams in Division C being given automatic promotion.[9][14] There were then 18 clubs in Division A and 19 in Division B. In 1956 the divisions were renamed Division 1 and Division 2.

Clydebank were elected to Division Two as the 20th club in 1966, but following the demise of Third Lanark in 1967, Division Two kept operating with just 19 clubs; the situation would not be corrected until the next change of format, which happened in 1975.

This change of structure split the league into three divisions, Premier, First, and Second Divisions. This permitted more frequent fixtures between the top clubs; the expectation was that meant greater revenue for them, and it was hoped it would stimulate greater interest, at a time when attendance at league matches had dropped alarmingly. One year before the restructuring, a new club entered the league, Meadowbank Thistle (which would eventually become Livingston). This three-divisional structure of 38 clubs continued until 1994.

Four-division period and SPL split

[edit]

After a couple of decades, in 1994 the league again reorganised (following an attempted 'Super League' breakaway by the top clubs in 1992)[15] with four divisions of 10 teams, as Highland League clubs Inverness Caledonian Thistle (a merger of two existing clubs in the city) and Ross County were elected to round out the league. At the same time, the SFL adopted the system of three points for a win. In 1998 the Premier Division clubs split from the league to form the Scottish Premier League (SPL).[16] The remaining leagues, of ten clubs each, kept their names and the Premier Division was not reconstituted, leaving First, Second and Third Divisions. Part of the agreement was that the SPL would expand to 12 clubs in 2000. The SFL then took in two new members to replace the two clubs lost to the SPL; Highland League clubs Elgin City and Peterhead were admitted, increasing the total number of clubs in the Scottish football league system to 42.

From 2005, the SFL determined a promotion and relegation place between each division according to playoffs between four clubs.[17] The playoffs were contested between the ninth placed (second bottom) club in the higher division and the second, third and fourth placed clubs in the lower division.[17] It was therefore possible for a team finishing fourth in the Second Division or Third Division to be promoted, rather than the clubs finishing immediately above them in the standings.[17] It was also possible for the ninth placed club to retain their position in the higher division.[17]

Our review of non-financial matters indicate an organisation which is not wholly suited to the modern-day business environment, or the size of the league.

— Pannell Kerr Foster, BBC Sport website

In March 2007, a self-conducted review found the league to be three times more expensive to run than equivalent leagues in England, with a report stating the league structure was "outdated": the report found that the Football Conference had four employees looking after 68 clubs, while the SFL had 14 people running leagues with just 30 clubs.[18]

Merger

[edit]

No clubs were relegated from the bottom end of the Scottish Football League,[17] although there were changes of membership due to clubs going out of business.[19][20][21][22] The Scottish Football Association were keen for a pyramid system to be instituted. SFL First Division clubs wanted to gain a greater share of the media revenue generated by the SPL.[23] In 2013, both the SPL and SFL voted in favour of merging to form the new Scottish Professional Football League.[23] The number of divisions and clubs in each division remained the same, but there were changes to the financial distribution model.[23] The first club to be promoted to the SPFL from the new Lowland League via playoffs was Edinburgh City in 2016 at the expense of East Stirlingshire, while in 2019 Cove Rangers were the first Highland League champions to go up, replacing Berwick Rangers.

Cup competitions

[edit]
Main articles: Scottish League Cup and Scottish Challenge Cup

The Scottish Football League organised two knock-out cup competitions: the Scottish League Cup and the Scottish Challenge Cup. The League Cup was established in 1946, succeeding the wartime Southern League Cup. Unlike the Scottish Cup, organised by the Scottish Football Association, the League Cup was only open to Scottish Football League clubs. Scottish Premier League clubs continued to participate in the League Cup after the top tier clubs broke away in 1998. Until the mid-1990s, the competition winner was eligible to participate in the UEFA Cup, but this was discontinued due to a loss of European places.

The Scottish Challenge Cup was instituted in 1990, to celebrate the League's centenary.[24] The Challenge Cup was only open to Scottish Football League clubs outside the top division of the Scottish football league system. From 2011, two Highland Football League clubs were allowed to participate each year in the Challenge Cup, to give a round number of 32 clubs participating.[25] Both the League Cup and the Challenge Cup continued under the auspices of the Scottish Professional Football League.

League sponsorship and media rights

[edit]

From 1985, the League accepted sponsorships for its main competition.[26] Below is a list of sponsors and the League's name under their sponsorship:

The League's cup competitions have had different sponsors, with the Scottish League Cup first attracting sponsorship in 1979.[32] The competition was revamped in 1984, adopting a straight knock-out format, when Skol Lager began its sponsorship.[33] The Co-operative Insurance company sponsored the League Cup for 12 seasons, until the 2010–11 competition.[34] It has since been sponsored by the Scottish Government, under the name of the Scottish Communities League Cup.[35] The Scottish Challenge Cup was created by League sponsor B&Q in 1990, but it was cancelled in 1998–99 due to a lack of sponsorship.[36] Since 2008, the Challenge Cup has attracted its own sponsor, with BBC Alba and Ramsdens providing support.[25]

Before 1979, the major source of revenue to Scottish Football League clubs, apart from their attendances, was from the football pools.[37] In the year ended 31 March 1983, the pools generated £1.08 million out of a total of £1.46 million.[38] By 1990, this source of income had been overtaken by revenue from sponsorships and television rights.[37] As of 1990, 75% of these central revenues were split equally between the 38 member clubs, with the remaining 25% allocated according to each club's position in the league ladder.[37] During the 1970s and 1980s, the main terrestrial television companies (STV and BBC Scotland) produced shows (Scotsport and Sportscene respectively) containing highlights of league matches.[39] The revenues from these broadcasts were relatively small, with the companies paying less than £1000 per match in the mid-1970s.[39] BBC Radio Scotland had exclusive rights for live radio coverage of matches at this time,[40] with independent stations such as Radio Clyde providing coverage via score updates and analysis.[41]

The first live television broadcast of a Scottish league match was not until April 1986.[42] Earlier in the 1985–86 season, there had been no television coverage at all due to a dispute between the League and the broadcasters.[42] The birth of satellite broadcaster British Sky Broadcasting (Sky TV) changed the situation significantly.[43] As ITV had an exclusive contract for live coverage of games in the English league, the first match shown on Sky was a Scottish Premier Division match between Rangers and Dundee United in April 1991.[43] A year later, the top division English clubs formed a breakaway Premier League, signing an exclusive television contract with Sky. Live Scottish Premier Division games were shown on STV during the 1990s, but the top division clubs formed the breakaway Scottish Premier League in 1998 and signed an exclusive broadcast contract with Sky.

This left the remaining Scottish Football League clubs without live coverage, although STV continued to show highlights of First Division games in their Football First show. Scots Gaelic channel BBC Alba provided coverage of Scottish Football League games, including the Challenge Cup, from its launch in 2008.[25] Live coverage on English language channels returned to Scottish Football League games in the 2012–13 season, as Sky and ESPN agreed contracts to show Third Division matches involving Rangers.[44][45] These arrangements secured revenues that had been under threat due to the financial collapse of Rangers.[44][45]

Member clubs

[edit]
Main article: List of Scottish Football League clubs

Of the original SFL clubs, Celtic, Heart of Midlothian, St Mirren and Dumbarton are the only clubs today playing in the successor Scottish Professional Football League. Every other club is either defunct or out of the League.

Club First season in SFL Last season in SFL Last national title
Abercorn 1890–91 1914–15 —
Aberdeen 1904–05 1997–98 1984–85
Airdrieonians (1878) 1894–95 2001–02 —
Airdrieonians (2002) 2002–03[46] 2012–13 —
Albion Rovers 1903–04[47] 2012–13 —
Alloa Athletic 1921–22[48] 2012–13 —
Annan Athletic 2008–09[49] 2012–13 —
Arbroath 1921–22[50] 2012–13 —
Armadale 1921–22 1931–32 —
Arthurlie 1901–02 1928–29 —
Ayr 1897–98 1909–10 —
Ayr Parkhouse 1902–03 1909–10 —
Ayr United 1910–11[51] 2012–13 —
Bathgate 1921–22 1928–29 —
Beith 1923–24 1925–26 —
Berwick Rangers 1951–52[52] 2012–13 —
Bo'ness 1921–22 1931–32 —
Brechin City 1923–24[53] 2012–13 —
Broxburn United 1921–22 1925–26 —
Cambuslang 1890–91 1891–92 —
Celtic 1890–91 1997–98 2022–23
Clackmannan 1921–22 1925–26 —
Clyde 1891–92[54] 2012–13 —
Clydebank (1914) 1914–15 1930–31 —
Clydebank 1965–66 2001–02 —
Cowdenbeath 1905–06[55] 2012–13 —
Cowlairs 1890–91 1894–95 —
Dumbarton 1890–91[56] 2012–13 1891–92
Dumbarton Harp 1923–24 1924–25 —
Dundee 1893–94 2011–12 1961–62
Dundee United 1910–11 1997–98 1982–83
Dundee Wanderers 1894–95 1894–95 —
Dunfermline Athletic 1912–13[57] 2012–13 —
Dykehead 1923–24 1925–26 —
East Fife 1921–22[58] 2012–13 —
East Stirlingshire 1900–01[59] 2012–13 —
Edinburgh City (1928) 1931–32 1948–49 —
Elgin City 2000–01[60] 2012–13 —
Falkirk 1902–03[61] 2012–13 —
Forfar Athletic 1921–22[62] 2012–13 —
Galston 1923–24 1925–26 —
Greenock Morton 1893–94[63] 2012–13 —
Gretna 2002–03 2006–07 —
Hamilton Academical 1897–98[64] 2012–13 —
Heart of Midlothian 1890–91 1997–98 1959–60
Helensburgh 1923–24 1925–26 —
Hibernian 1893–94 1998–99 1951–52
Inverness Caledonian Thistle 1994–95 2009–10 —
Johnstone 1912–13 1925–26 —
Kilmarnock 1895–96 1997–98 1964–65
King's Park 1921–22 1938–39 —
Leith Athletic 1891–92 1952–53 —
Linthouse 1895–96 1899–1900 —
Livingston 1995–96[65] 2012–13 —
Lochgelly United 1914–15 1925–26 —
Meadowbank Thistle 1974–75 1994–95 —
Mid-Annandale 1923–24 1925–26 —
Montrose 1923–24[66] 2012–13 —
Motherwell 1893–94 1997–98 1931–32
Nithsdale Wanderers 1923–24 1926–27 —
Northern 1893–94 1893–94 —
Partick Thistle 1893–94[67] 2012–13 —
Peebles Rovers 1923–24 1925–26 —
Peterhead 2000–01[68] 2012–13 —
Port Glasgow Athletic 1893–94 1910–11 —
Queen of the South 1923–24[69] 2012–13 —
Queen's Park 1900–01[70] 2012–13 —
Raith Rovers 1902–03[71] 2012–13 —
Rangers 1890–91[72] 2012–13 2020–21
Renton 1890–91 1897–98 —
Ross County 1994–95 2011–12 —
Royal Albert 1923–24 1925–26 —
St Bernard's 1893–94 1938–39 —
St Johnstone 1897–98 2008–09 —
St Mirren 1890–91 2005–06 —
Solway Star 1923–24 1925–26 —
Stenhousemuir 1921–22[73] 2012–13 —
Stirling Albion 1946–47[74] 2012–13 —
Stranraer 1949–50[75] 2012–13 —
Third Lanark 1890–91 1966–67 1903–04
Thistle 1893–94 1893–94 —
Vale of Leven 1890–91 1925–26 —

Past winners

[edit]
Main articles: List of Scottish football champions, List of winners of the Scottish Championship and predecessors, and List of winners of the Scottish League One and predecessors

When the Scottish Football League was established in 1890, all of the clubs played in just one division. In 1893 the Scottish Football League absorbed many clubs from the Scottish Football Alliance and had enough clubs to form another division. The existing division was renamed Division One and the new division was called Division Two. Nevertheless, promotion and relegation between the top two divisions was not automatic until 1921–22 when Division Two was brought back after a hiatus provoked by World War I which affected only that division; hence some teams of the era winning Division Two twice in a row before being promoted, and some Division Two winners being never promoted at all.

A third tier of Scottish league football was first established in the 1923–24 season, but it only lasted for two full seasons due to financial difficulties. A third tier league (called Division C) was reintroduced in 1946–47. Division C, which also included reserve teams of higher division clubs, operated as a national competition for the first three seasons but thereafter it was split into two regional sections. During this period only full-strength clubs (not reserve teams) were promoted if they finished as champions. The two-division tier was abolished after the 1954–55 season.

Since the 1975–76 season there has been a third tier, known as the Second Division. The top tier became the Premier Division and the second tier became known as the First Division. A fourth tier, known as the Third Division, was introduced in 1994. The last major change within the Scottish football league system was in 1998–99, when the Premier Division clubs broke away from the Scottish Football League to form the Scottish Premier League. The remaining Scottish Football League divisions continued as before.

No. Season 1st tier 2nd tier 3rd tier 4th tier
  1. 1890–91 Dumbarton (share)[7]
Rangers (share)[7] 		— — —
  2. 1891–92 Dumbarton
  3. 1892–93 Celtic
  4. 1893–94 Celtic Hibernian
  5. 1894–95 Heart of Midlothian Hibernian
  6. 1895–96 Celtic Abercorn
  7. 1896–97 Heart of Midlothian Partick Thistle
 8. 1897–98 Celtic Kilmarnock
 9. 1898–99 Rangers Kilmarnock
 10. 1899–1900 Rangers Partick Thistle
 11. 1900–01 Rangers St Bernard's
 12. 1901–02 Rangers Port Glasgow Athletic
 13. 1902–03 Hibernian Airdrieonians
 14. 1903–04 Third Lanark Hamilton Academical
 15. 1904–05 Celtic Clyde
 16. 1905–06 Celtic Leith Athletic
 17. 1906–07 Celtic St Bernard's
 18. 1907–08 Celtic Raith Rovers
 19. 1908–09 Celtic Abercorn
 20. 1909–10 Celtic Leith Athletic (share)
Raith Rovers (share)
 21. 1910–11 Rangers Dumbarton
 22. 1911–12 Rangers Ayr United
 23. 1912–13 Rangers Ayr United
 24. 1913–14 Celtic Cowdenbeath
 25. 1914–15 Celtic Cowdenbeath
 26. 1915–16 Celtic —
 27. 1916–17 Celtic
 28. 1917–18 Rangers
 29. 1918–19 Celtic
 30. 1919–20 Rangers
 31. 1920–21 Rangers
 32. 1921–22 Celtic Alloa Athletic
 33. 1922–23 Rangers Queen's Park
 34. 1923–24 Rangers St Johnstone Arthurlie
 35. 1924–25 Rangers Dundee United Nithsdale Wanderers
 36. 1925–26 Celtic Dunfermline Athletic Not awarded[note 3]
 37. 1926–27 Rangers Bo'ness United —
 38. 1927–28 Rangers Ayr United
 39. 1928–29 Rangers Dundee United
 40. 1929–30 Rangers Leith Athletic
 41. 1930–31 Rangers Third Lanark
 42. 1931–32 Motherwell East Stirlingshire
 43. 1932–33 Rangers Hibernian
 44. 1933–34 Rangers Albion Rovers
 45. 1934–35 Rangers Third Lanark
 46. 1935–36 Celtic Falkirk
 47. 1936–37 Rangers Ayr United
 48. 1937–38 Celtic Raith Rovers
 49. 1938–39 Rangers Cowdenbeath
 50. 1939–40 League abandoned after five matches due to the commencement of World War II.
—
 1940–46 League suspended due to World War II.
 51. 1946–47 Rangers Dundee Stirling Albion —
 52. 1947–48 Hibernian East Fife East Stirlingshire
 53. 1948–49 Rangers Raith Rovers Forfar Athletic
 54. 1949–50 Rangers Morton Hibernian A
Clyde A
 55. 1950–51 Hibernian Queen of the South Heart of Midlothian A
Clyde A
 56. 1951–52 Hibernian Clyde Dundee A
Rangers A
 57. 1952–53 Rangers Stirling Albion Aberdeen A
Rangers A
 58. 1953–54 Celtic Motherwell Brechin City
Rangers A
 59. 1954–55 Aberdeen Airdrieonians Aberdeen A
Partick Thistle A
 60. 1955–56 Rangers Queen's Park —
 61. 1956–57 Rangers Clyde
 62. 1957–58 Heart of Midlothian Stirling Albion
 63. 1958–59 Rangers Ayr United
 64. 1959–60 Heart of Midlothian St Johnstone
 65. 1960–61 Rangers Stirling Albion
 66. 1961–62 Dundee Clyde
 67. 1962–63 Rangers St Johnstone
 68. 1963–64 Rangers Morton
 69. 1964–65 Kilmarnock Stirling Albion
 70. 1965–66 Celtic Ayr United
 71. 1966–67 Celtic Morton
 72. 1967–68 Celtic St Mirren
 73. 1968–69 Celtic Motherwell
 74. 1969–70 Celtic Falkirk
 75. 1970–71 Celtic Partick Thistle
 76. 1971–72 Celtic Dumbarton
 77. 1972–73 Celtic Clyde
 78. 1973–74 Celtic Airdrieonians
 79. 1974–75 Rangers Falkirk
 80. 1975–76 Rangers Partick Thistle Clydebank
 81. 1976–77 Celtic St Mirren Stirling Albion
 82. 1977–78 Rangers Morton Clyde
 83. 1978–79 Celtic Dundee Berwick Rangers
 84. 1979–80 Aberdeen Heart of Midlothian Falkirk
 85. 1980–81 Celtic Hibernian Queen's Park
 86. 1981–82 Celtic Motherwell Clyde
 87. 1982–83 Dundee United St Johnstone Brechin City
 88. 1983–84 Aberdeen Morton Forfar Athletic
 89. 1984–85 Aberdeen Motherwell Montrose
 90. 1985–86 Celtic Hamilton Academical Dunfermline Athletic
 91. 1986–87 Rangers Morton Meadowbank Thistle
 92. 1987–88 Celtic Hamilton Academical Ayr United
 93. 1988–89 Rangers Dunfermline Athletic Albion Rovers
 94. 1989–90 Rangers St Johnstone Brechin City
 95. 1990–91 Rangers Falkirk Stirling Albion
 96. 1991–92 Rangers Dundee Dumbarton
 97. 1992–93 Rangers Raith Rovers Clyde
 98. 1993–94 Rangers Falkirk Stranraer
 99. 1994–95 Rangers Raith Rovers Morton Forfar Athletic
100. 1995–96 Rangers Dunfermline Athletic Stirling Albion Livingston
101. 1996–97 Rangers St Johnstone Ayr United Inverness Caledonian Thistle
102. 1997–98 Celtic Dundee Stranraer Alloa Athletic
103. 1998–99 — Hibernian Livingston Ross County
104. 1999–2000 St Mirren Clyde Queen's Park
105. 2000–01 Livingston Partick Thistle Hamilton Academical
106. 2001–02 Partick Thistle Queen of the South Brechin City
107. 2002–03 Falkirk Raith Rovers Morton
108. 2003–04 Inverness Caledonian Thistle Airdrie United Stranraer
109. 2004–05 Falkirk Brechin City Gretna
110. 2005–06 St. Mirren Gretna Cowdenbeath
111. 2006–07 Gretna Morton Berwick Rangers
112. 2007–08 Hamilton Academical Ross County East Fife
113. 2008–09 St Johnstone Raith Rovers Dumbarton
114. 2009–10 Inverness Caledonian Thistle Stirling Albion Livingston
115. 2010–11 Dunfermline Athletic Livingston Arbroath
116. 2011–12 Ross County Cowdenbeath Alloa Athletic
117. 2012–13 Partick Thistle Queen of the South Rangers

Scottish Football League XI

[edit]
Main article: Scottish Football League XI

The SFL was the organising body of the Scottish Football League XI, a select side which represented the SFL in matches against other leagues, including the English Football League, the League of Ireland, the Northern Irish league and the Italian Serie A.[76] These matches began in 1892, soon after the foundation of the SFL.[77] Before the Second World War, inter-league matches were only second in importance to Scotland international matches. After the war, however, the inter-league matches became less important as European club football was instituted and clubs withdrew players due to fixture congestion.[78] The last inter-league match was played in 1980, while a Scottish Football League XI was last selected in 1990 for a match against the Scotland national team to mark the centenary of the SFL.[79]

See also

[edit]

Notes

[edit]
  1. ^ The Scottish Football League existed between 1890 and 2013, and did not contain the top division of Scottish league football between 1998 and 2013 (Scottish Premier League). For a complete record of clubs that have won Scottish league championships, see list of Scottish football champions.
  2. ^ One club, Berwick Rangers, is based in the town of Berwick-upon-Tweed, which is located approximately 4 km south of the Anglo-Scottish border.
  3. ^ Helensburgh gained the most points, but no title was awarded as they were the only club to complete their fixtures.

References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b (Bob Crampsey 1990, p. 3)
  2. ^ a b (Bob Crampsey 1990, p. 5)
  3. ^ a b (Bob Crampsey 1990, p. 6)
  4. ^ a b c (Bob Crampsey 1990, p. 7)
  5. ^ a b (Bob Crampsey 1990, p. 13)
  6. ^ How it all Began, Scottish League History
  7. ^ a b c d e f (Bob Crampsey 1990, p. 20)
  8. ^ MacDonald, Paul. "Scottish League formed". BBC Scotland.
  9. ^ a b "Scottish Football League - C Division". Scottish Football Historical Archive. OoCities.org. Archived from the original on Jul 31, 2023.
  10. ^ Scottish Football Alliance (Third version 1919-1938), Scottish Football Historical Archive
  11. ^ Scottish Reserve League Competitions Part 2 1945-1955, Scottish Football Historical Archive 1 November 2020
  12. ^ The C Division – the "other clubs" division, Alan Bell, via Post War English & Scottish Football League A - Z Player's Transfer Database
  13. ^ "Scottish League Chief Honoured". Dundee Courier. 1 October 1947. p. 3 – via British Newspaper Archive.
  14. ^ Scotland - Final Tables Third Level 1924-2004, RSSSF
  15. ^ Rangers and Hearts owners, Hibs and Aberdeen involved, Celtic wavering - recalling failed Scottish Super League breakaway of 1992, Stephen Halliday, The Scotsman, 20 April 2021
  16. ^ Grahame, Ewing (13 July 2012). "Low in attendance, low in achievement – the SPL's dismal legacy of failure". The Scotsman. Retrieved 1 December 2021.
  17. ^ a b c d e "IRN-BRU SFL PLAY-OFFS 2011/12". www.scottishfootballleague.com. Scottish Football League. 30 April 2012. Retrieved 22 December 2012.
  18. ^ "Scottish League branded out-dated". BBC Sport. 5 March 2007. Retrieved 22 December 2012.
  19. ^ Moffat, Colin (3 June 2008). "The lights go off at Gretna". BBC Sport. Retrieved 8 July 2012.
  20. ^ "Airdrie buy Bankies". BBC Sport. 9 July 2002. Retrieved 8 July 2012.
  21. ^ "Annan voted into Scottish League". BBC Sport. 3 July 2008. Retrieved 22 December 2012.
  22. ^ "Rangers: Charles Green accepts Division Three vote". BBC Sport. 13 July 2012. Retrieved 22 December 2012.
  23. ^ a b c "Scottish Football League clubs vote in favour of a proposed merger with the Scottish Premier League". BBC Sport. Retrieved 10 December 2013.
  24. ^ "Scottish League Challenge Cup Finals". Rec.Sport.Soccer Statistics Foundation. 2009. Retrieved 22 December 2012.
  25. ^ a b c "Highland duo enter new Ramsdens Cup". BBC Sport. 6 June 2011. Retrieved 22 December 2012.
  26. ^ a b c (Bob Crampsey 1990, p. 218)
  27. ^ Gaunt, Ken (1 October 1997). "Football: Scottish sponsors decide to pull out". The Independent. Retrieved 25 December 2012.
  28. ^ "Press Release". www.scottishfootballleague.com. Scottish Football League. 19 August 2005. Retrieved 25 December 2012.
  29. ^ a b c "SFL ends search for new sponsor". BBC Sport. 20 July 2007. Retrieved 25 December 2012.
  30. ^ "SFL signs £3m sponsorship extension with Irn-Bru". Daily Record. Trinity Mirror. 18 February 2010. Retrieved 25 December 2012.
  31. ^ "SFL secures sponsorship extension with Irn-Bru". BBC Sport. 18 February 2010. Retrieved 25 December 2012.
  32. ^ (Bob Crampsey 1990, p. 239)
  33. ^ (Bob Crampsey 1990, p. 242)
  34. ^ "Co-operative Insurance end Scottish League Cup deal". BBC Sport. 28 September 2010. Retrieved 25 December 2012.
  35. ^ "Scottish Government crime seizures to fund League Cup". BBC Sport. 21 March 2011. Retrieved 25 December 2012.
  36. ^ "Preview Forfar Athletic". www.dafc.co.uk. Dunfermline Athletic FC. Archived from the original on 1 November 2013. Retrieved 25 December 2012.
  37. ^ a b c (Bob Crampsey 1990, p. 259)
  38. ^ (Bob Crampsey 1990, p. 217)
  39. ^ a b (Bob Crampsey 1990, p. 198)
  40. ^ (Bob Crampsey 1990, p. 202)
  41. ^ (Bob Crampsey 1990, p. 213)
  42. ^ a b "Dens memories reduce former Hearts manager to tears". sport.scotsman.com. Johnston Publishing. 17 February 2006. Retrieved 30 December 2012.
  43. ^ a b Viner, Brian (28 January 2011). "Brian Viner: Prehistoric maybe, but I'll miss Gray and Keys". The Independent. Retrieved 28 December 2012.
  44. ^ a b "Sky reveals new SPL TV deal for five years". BBC Sport. 31 July 2012. Retrieved 28 December 2012.
  45. ^ a b "ESPN announces deal to show SPL and Rangers live". BBC Sport. 3 August 2012. Retrieved 28 December 2012.
  46. ^ "Airdrie United". www.fchd.info. Retrieved 8 December 2012.
  47. ^ "Albion Rovers". www.fchd.info. Retrieved 8 December 2012.
  48. ^ "Alloa Athletic". www.fchd.info. Retrieved 8 December 2012.
  49. ^ "Annan Athletic". www.fchd.info. Retrieved 8 December 2012.
  50. ^ "Arbroath". www.fchd.info. Retrieved 8 December 2012.
  51. ^ "Ayr United". www.fchd.info. Retrieved 8 December 2012.
  52. ^ "Berwick Rangers". www.fchd.info. Retrieved 8 December 2012.
  53. ^ "Brechin City". www.fchd.info. Retrieved 8 December 2012.
  54. ^ "Clyde". www.fchd.info. Retrieved 8 December 2012.
  55. ^ "Cowdenbeath". www.fchd.info. Retrieved 8 December 2012.
  56. ^ "Dumbarton". www.fchd.info. Retrieved 8 December 2012.
  57. ^ "Dunfermline Athletic". www.fchd.info. Retrieved 8 December 2012.
  58. ^ "east Fife". www.fchd.info. Retrieved 8 December 2012.
  59. ^ "East Stirlingshire". www.fchd.info. Retrieved 8 December 2012.
  60. ^ "Elgin City". www.fchd.info. Retrieved 8 December 2012.
  61. ^ "Falkirk". www.fchd.info. Retrieved 8 December 2012.
  62. ^ "Forfar Athletic". www.fchd.info. Retrieved 8 December 2012.
  63. ^ "Morton". www.fchd.info. Retrieved 8 December 2012.
  64. ^ "Hamilton Academical". www.fchd.info. Retrieved 8 December 2012.
  65. ^ "Livingston". www.fchd.info. Retrieved 8 December 2012.
  66. ^ "Montrose". www.fchd.info. Retrieved 8 December 2012.
  67. ^ "Partick Thistle". www.fchd.info. Retrieved 8 December 2012.
  68. ^ "Peterhead". www.fchd.info. Retrieved 8 December 2012.
  69. ^ "Queen of the South". www.fchd.info. Retrieved 8 December 2012.
  70. ^ "Queen's Park [glasgow]". www.fchd.info. Retrieved 8 December 2012.
  71. ^ "Raith Rovers". www.fchd.info. Retrieved 8 December 2012.
  72. ^ "Rangers". www.fchd.info. Retrieved 8 December 2012.
  73. ^ "Stenhousemuir". www.fchd.info. Retrieved 8 December 2012.
  74. ^ "Stirling Albion". www.fchd.info. Retrieved 8 December 2012.
  75. ^ "Stranraer". www.fchd.info. Retrieved 8 December 2012.
  76. ^ "Scotland Scores by Team". Londonhearts.com. London Hearts Supporters' Club. Retrieved 26 November 2011.
  77. ^ (Bob Crampsey 1990, p. 245)
  78. ^ (Bob Crampsey 1990, p. 254)
  79. ^ Jim Traynor (18 August 1990). "The Aberdeen connection". The Herald. Newsquest. Retrieved 11 August 2011.
Sources
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