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Emperor Annei

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Emperor Annei
安寧天皇
Emperor of Japan
Reign549 BC – 511 BC (traditional)[1]
PredecessorSuizei
SuccessorItoku
Born567 BC[2]
Died511 BC (aged 56)
Burial
Unebi-yama no hitsujisaru Mihodo no i no e no misasagi (畝傍山西南御陰井上陵) (Kashihara)
SpouseNunasokonakatsu-hime
Issue
Posthumous name
Chinese-style shigō:
Emperor Annei (安寧天皇)

Japanese-style shigō:
Shikitsuhikotamatemi no Sumeramikoto (磯城津彦玉手看天皇)
HouseImperial House of Japan
FatherEmperor Suizei
MotherIsuzuyori-hime
ReligionShinto

Emperor Annei (安寧天皇, Annei-tennō), also known as Shikitsuhikotamatemi no Mikoto (師木津日子玉手見命) was the third legendary emperor of Japan, according to the traditional order of succession.[3][4] Very little is known about this Emperor due to a lack of material available for further verification and study. Annei is known as a "legendary emperor" among historians as his actual existence is disputed. Nothing exists in the Kojiki other than his name and genealogy. Annei's reign allegedly began in 549 BC, he had one wife and three sons. After his death in 511 BC, his second or third son supposedly became the next emperor.

Legendary narrative

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Emperor Annei's name appears in both the Kojiki and Nihon Shoki where only his genealogy are recorded. While the Japanese have traditionally accepted this sovereign's historical existence, no extant contemporary records have been discovered that confirm a view that this historical figure actually reigned. Before his accession to the throne, he was allegedly known as Prince Shikitsu-hiko Tamatemi.[5] Shikitsu-hiko Tamatemi was either the eldest son or the only son of Emperor Suizei with Isuzuyori-hime.[4][6] The Kojiki records that he ruled from the palace of Ukena-no-miya (片塩浮穴宮, and in the Nihon Shoki as 片塩浮孔宮) at Katashiro in Kawachi in what would come to be known as Yamato Province.[6] During Emperor Annei's alleged lifetime, he had one wife named "Nunasokonakatsu-hime" and fathered three children with her. Annei's reign lasted from 549 BC until his death in 511 BC, his second or third son then took the throne and would later be referred to as Emperor Itoku.[6][7]

Memorial Shinto shrine and mausoleum honoring Emperor Annei.

Known information

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The existence of at least the first nine Emperors is disputed due to insufficient material available for further verification and study.[8] Annei is thus regarded by historians as a "legendary Emperor", and is considered to have been the second of eight Emperors without specific legends associated with them.[a] The name Annei-tennō was assigned to him posthumously by later generations, and literally means "steady tranquillity".[10] His name might have been regularized centuries after the lifetime ascribed to Annei, possibly during the time in which legends about the origins of the imperial dynasty were compiled as the chronicles known today as the Kojiki.[9] The name "Annei" is first credited to Japanese scholar and writer Ōmi no Mifune, who allegedly came up with the name sometime in the latter half of the 8th century.[11]

While the actual site of Annei's grave is not known, the Emperor is traditionally venerated at a memorial Shinto shrine (陵,misasagi) in Kashihara. The Imperial Household Agency designates this location as Annei's mausoleum, and is formally named Unebi-yama no hitsujisaru Mihodo no i no e no misasagi(畝傍山西南御陰井上陵,The royal tomb over the mihodo at the south west of mount unebi) .[4] The first emperor that historians believe might have actually existed is Emperor Sujin, the 10th emperor of Japan.[12] Outside of the Kojiki, the reign of Emperor Kinmei[b] (c. 509 – 571 AD) is the first for which contemporary historiography is able to assign verifiable dates.[15] The conventionally accepted names and dates of the early Emperors were not confirmed as "traditional" though, until the reign of Emperor Kanmu[c] between 737 and 806 AD.[9]

Family tree

[edit]
Genealogy of early Japanese emperors and empresses
Nunakawahime[16] Ōkuninushi[17][18]: 278 
(Ōnamuchi)[19]		Kamotaketsunumi no Mikoto[20]
Kotoshironushi[21][22] Tamakushi-hime[20] Takeminakata[23][24] Susa Clan[25]
1 Jimmu[26]1Himetataraisuzu-hime[26]Kamo no Okimi[21][27]Mirahime [ja]
2 Suizei[28][29][30][31][32][33] 2Isuzuyori-hime[31][32][33][27][34]Kamuyaimimi[28][29][30]
3 Annei[35][21][31][32][33]〔Ō clan[36][37]〕〔Aso clan[38]〕3 Nunasokonakatsu-hime[39][21]Kamo clan
TakakurajiMiwa clan
4 Itoku[35][21]Ikisomimi no mikoto [ja][35]Ame no Murakumo [ja]
4Amatoyotsuhime no Mikoto [ja][35]Amaoshio no mikoto [ja]
5 Emperor Kōshō[35][21][40]5Yosotarashi-hime[21]Okitsu Yoso [ja]
6 Emperor Kōan[21]Prince Ameoshitarashi [ja][40]Owari clan
6Oshihime [ja][21][40]〔Wani clan〕[41]
7 Emperor Kōrei[42][21][40][43] 7Kuwashi-hime[43]
8 Emperor Kōgen[44][43]8Utsushikome [ja][44]Princess Yamato Totohi Momoso[42]Kibitsuhiko-no-mikoto[45]Wakatakehiko [ja]
9Ikagashikome[d] [47][48]
Hikofutsuoshi no Makoto no Mikoto [ja][48]9 Emperor Kaika[44]Prince Ohiko [ja][49]〔Kibi clan〕
Yanushi Otake Ogokoro no Mikoto [ja][48]10 Emperor Sujin[50][51]10Mimaki-hime[52]〔Abe clan〕[49]
Takenouchi no Sukune[48]11 Emperor Suinin[53][54]11Saho-hime[55]12Hibasu-hime [ja][56]Yasaka Iribiko[57][58][59]Toyosukiiri-hime [ja][60]Nunaki-iri-hime [ja][42]
Yamatohime-no-mikoto[61]
〔Katsuragi clan〕13Harima no Inabi no Ōiratsume [ja]12 Emperor Keiko[54][56]14Yasakairi-hime [ja][57][58][59]
Otoyo no mikoto [ja]
Futaji Irihime [ja][62]Yamato Takeru[63][64]Miyazu-himeTakeinadane [ja] Ioki Iribiko13Emperor Seimu[63][64]
14Emperor Chūai[63][64] [65]15Empress Jingū[66] Homuda
Mawaka
15Emperor Ōjin[66]16Nakatsuhime[67][68][69]
16Emperor Nintoku[70]


Consorts and Children

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See also

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Notes

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  1. ^ Also known as the "eight undocumented monarchs" (欠史八代, Kesshi-hachidai).[9]
  2. ^ The 29th Emperor[13][14]
  3. ^ Kanmu was the 50th sovereign of the imperial dynasty
  4. ^ There are two ways this name is transcribed: "Ika-gashiko-me" is used by Tsutomu Ujiya, while "Ika-shiko-me" is used by William George Aston.[46]

References

[edit]
Japanese Imperial kamon — a stylized chrysanthemum blossom
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  2. ^ Kenneth Henshall (2013). Historical Dictionary of Japan to 1945. Scarecrow Press. p. 487. ISBN 9780810878723.
  3. ^ "安寧天皇 (3)". Imperial Household Agency (Kunaichō) (in Japanese). Retrieved May 8, 2019.
  4. ^ a b c Ponsonby-Fane, Richard (1959). The Imperial House of Japan. Ponsonby Memorial Society. p. 29 & 418.
  5. ^ Nussbaum, Louis-Frédéric (2002). Japan Encyclopedia. Harvard University Press. p. 32. ISBN 9780674017535.
  6. ^ a b c Brown, Delmer M. and Ichirō Ishida (1979). A Translation and Study of the Gukanshō, an Interpretative History of Japan Written in 1219. University of California Press. p. 251. ISBN 9780520034600.
  7. ^ Titsingh, Isaac. (1834). Nihon Ōdai Ichiran (in French). Royal Asiatic Society, Oriental Translation Fund of Great Britain and Ireland. p. 4.
  8. ^ Kelly, Charles F. "Kofun Culture". www.t-net.ne.jp. Retrieved May 8, 2019.
  9. ^ a b c Aston, William George. (1896). Nihongi: Chronicles of Japan from the Earliest Times to A.D. 697, Volume 2. The Japan Society London. pp. 109, 141–142. ISBN 9780524053478.
  10. ^ Brinkley, Frank (1915). A History of the Japanese People from the Earliest Times to the end of the Meiji Era. Encyclopaedia Britannica Company. p. 21. Posthumous names for the earthly Mikados were invented in the reign of Emperor Kanmu (782–805), i.e., after the date of the compilation of the Records and the Chronicles.
  11. ^ Britannica Kokusai Dai-Hyakkajiten article "Ōmi no Mifune". Britannica.
  12. ^ Yoshida, Reiji. (March 27, 2007). "Life in the Cloudy Imperial Fishbowl". Japan Times. Retrieved May 7, 2019.
  13. ^ Titsingh, Isaac. (1834). Nihon Ōdai Ichiran (in French). Royal Asiatic Society, Oriental Translation Fund of Great Britain and Ireland. pp. 34–36.
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  15. ^ Hoye, Timothy. (1999). Japanese Politics: Fixed and Floating Worlds. Prentice Hall. p. 78. ISBN 9780132712897. According to legend, the first Japanese Emperor was Jimmu. Along with the next 13 Emperors, Jimmu is not considered an actual, historical figure. Historically verifiable Emperors of Japan date from the early sixth century with Kimmei.
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  34. ^ 『図説　歴代天皇紀』p42-43「綏靖天皇」
  35. ^ a b c d e Anston, p. 144 (Vol. 1)
  36. ^ Grapard, Allan G. (2023-04-28). The Protocol of the Gods: A Study of the Kasuga Cult in Japanese History. University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-91036-2.
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  40. ^ a b c d Anston, p. 144 (Vol. 1)
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Further reading

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Regnal titles
Preceded by Legendary Emperor of Japan
549 BC – 511 BC
(traditional dates) 		Succeeded by
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