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Lena Horne

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Lena Horne
Horne in 1946
Born
Lena Mary Calhoun Horne

(1917-06-30)June 30, 1917
Brooklyn
DiedMay 9, 2010(2010-05-09) (aged 92)
New York City
Occupations
  • Singer
  • dancer
  • actress
  • activist
Years active1933–2003
Spouses
Louis Jordan Jones
​
​
(m. 1937; div. 1944)​
​
​
(m. 1947; died 1971)​
Children2
RelativesJenny Lumet (granddaughter)
Jake Cannavale (great-grandson)
Musical career
OriginHarlem, New York City
Genres
InstrumentVocals
Labels

Lena Mary Calhoun Horne (June 30, 1917 – May 9, 2010) was an American singer, actress, dancer and civil rights activist. Horne's career spanned more than seventy years and covered film, television and theatre. Horne joined the chorus of the Cotton Club at the age of sixteen and became a nightclub performer before moving on to Hollywood and Broadway.

A groundbreaking African-American performer, Horne advocated for civil rights and took part in the March on Washington in August 1963. Later she returned to her roots as a nightclub performer and continued to work on television while releasing well-received record albums. She announced her retirement in March 1980, but the next year starred in a one-woman show, Lena Horne: The Lady and Her Music, which ran for more than 300 performances on Broadway. She then toured the country in the show, earning numerous awards and accolades. Horne continued recording and performing sporadically into the 1990s, retreating from the public eye in 2000.

Early life

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Lena Horne was born in Bedford–Stuyvesant, Brooklyn.[1] Both sides of her family were biracial African Americans. She belonged to the well-educated upper stratum of Black New Yorkers at the time. She lived the first five years of her life in a brownstone at 519 Macon Street.[2]

Horne's father, Edwin Fletcher "Teddy" Horne Jr. (1893–1970),[3] a one-time owner of a hotel and restaurant,[4] was a gambler. Teddy Horne left the family when Lena was three years old and moved to an upper-middle-class African-American community in the Hill District of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.[5][6] Her mother, Edna Louise Scottron, was an actress with a Black theatre troupe and traveled extensively.[7] Edna's maternal grandmother, Amelie Louise Ashton, was from modern Senegal.[8] Horne had a paternal great-grandmother who was a Blackfoot Indian.[5] Horne was raised mainly by her paternal grandparents, Cora Calhoun and Edwin Horne.[3]

When Horne was five she was sent to live in Georgia.[9] For several years she traveled with her mother.[10] From 1927 to 1929 she lived with her uncle, Frank S. Horne. He was the dean of students at Fort Valley Junior Industrial Institute (now part of Fort Valley State University) in Fort Valley, Georgia,[10] and later served as an adviser to President Franklin Delano Roosevelt.[11] From Fort Valley, southwest of Macon, Horne briefly moved to Atlanta with her mother; they returned to New York when Horne was twelve years old, after which Horne attended St Peter Claver School in Brooklyn.[10]

Horne then attended Girls High School, an all-girls public high school in Brooklyn, which later became Boys and Girls High School; she dropped out at age 16.[12] At the age of 18 she moved to her father's home in Pittsburgh, staying in the city's Hill District for almost five years and learning music from native Pittsburgers Billy Strayhorn and Billy Eckstine, among others.[5]

Career

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Road to Hollywood

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In the fall of 1933, Horne joined the chorus line of the Cotton Club in New York City. In the spring of 1934, she had a featured role in the Cotton Club Parade starring Adelaide Hall, who took Lena under her wing.[13] Horne made her first screen appearance as a dancer in the musical short Cab Calloway's Jitterbug Party (1935).[14] A few years later, Horne joined Noble Sissle's Orchestra, with which she toured and with whom she made her first records, issued by Decca. After she separated from her first husband, Horne toured with bandleader Charlie Barnet in 1940–41, but disliked the travel and left the band to work at the Cafe Society in New York. She replaced Dinah Shore as the featured vocalist on NBC's popular jazz series The Chamber Music Society of Lower Basin Street. The show's resident maestros, Henry Levine and Paul Laval, recorded with Horne in June 1941 for RCA Victor. Horne left the show after only six months when she was hired by former Cafe Trocadero (Los Angeles) manager Felix Young to perform in a Cotton Club-style revue on the Sunset Strip in Hollywood.[15]

Horne as Julie LaVerne in a mini-production of Show Boat in Till the Clouds Roll By (1946), singing "Can't Help Lovin' Dat Man"
Lena Horne photographed by Carl Van Vechten, 1941

Horne already had two low-budget movies to her credit: a musical feature called The Duke is Tops (1938, later reissued with Horne's name above the title as The Bronze Venus); and a two-reel short subject, Boogie Woogie Dream (1941), featuring pianists Pete Johnson and Albert Ammons. Horne's songs from Boogie Woogie Dream were later released individually as soundies. Horne made her Hollywood nightclub debut at Felix Young's Little Troc on the Sunset Strip in January 1942.[15] A few weeks later, she was signed by Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer. In November 1944, she was featured in an episode of the popular radio series Suspense, as a fictional nightclub singer, with a large speaking role along with her singing. In 1945 and 1946, she sang with Billy Eckstine's Orchestra.

She made her debut at Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer in Panama Hattie (1942) and performed the title song of Stormy Weather (1943) based loosely on the life of Adelaide Hall, for 20th Century Fox, while on loan from MGM. She appeared in several MGM musicals, including Cabin in the Sky (1943) with an entirely African-American cast. She was otherwise not featured in a leading role because of her ethnicity and the fact that her films were required to be re-edited for showing in cities where theaters would not show films with Black performers. As a result, most of Horne's film appearances were stand-alone sequences that had no bearing on the rest of the film, so editing caused no disruption to the storyline. One number from Cabin in the Sky was cut before release because it was considered too suggestive by the censors: Horne singing "Ain't It the Truth" while taking a bubble bath. This scene and song are featured in the film That's Entertainment! III (1994), which also featured commentary from Horne on why the scene was deleted prior to the film's release. Horne was the first African-American person elected to serve on the Screen Actors Guild board of directors.

Horne singing "Why Was I Born?" in Till the Clouds Roll By (1946)

In Ziegfeld Follies (1946), she performed "Love" by Hugh Martin and Ralph Blane. Horne lobbied for the role of Julie LaVerne in MGM's version of Show Boat (1951), having already played the role when a segment of Show Boat was performed in Till the Clouds Roll By, but lost the part to Ava Gardner, a friend in real life. Horne claimed this was due to the Production Code's ban on interracial relationships in films, although MGM sources state she was never considered for the role. In the documentary That's Entertainment! III, Horne stated that MGM executives required Gardner to practice her singing using Horne's recordings, which offended both actresses. Ultimately, Gardner's voice was overdubbed by actress Annette Warren (Smith) for the theatrical release.

Changes of direction

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Horne became disenchanted with Hollywood and increasingly focused on her nightclub career. She made only two major appearances for MGM during the 1950s: Duchess of Idaho (1950, which was also Eleanor Powell's final film); and the musical Meet Me in Las Vegas (1956). She said she was "tired of being typecast as a Negro who stands against a pillar singing a song. I did that 20 times too often."[16] She was blacklisted during the 1950s for her affiliations in the 1940s with communist-backed groups. She would subsequently disavow communism.[1][17] She returned to the screen, playing Claire Quintana, a madam in a brothel who marries Richard Widmark, in the film Death of a Gunfighter (1969), her first straight dramatic role with no reference to her color.[16] She later appeared on screen two more times as Glinda in The Wiz (1978), which was directed by her then son-in-law Sidney Lumet, and co-hosting the MGM retrospective That's Entertainment! III (1994), in which she related her unkind treatment by the studio.

After leaving Hollywood, Horne established herself as one of the premier nightclub performers of the post-war era. She headlined at clubs and hotels throughout the U.S., Canada, and Europe, including the Sands Hotel in Las Vegas, the Cocoanut Grove in Los Angeles, and the Waldorf-Astoria in New York. In 1957, a live album entitled, Lena Horne at the Waldorf-Astoria, became the biggest-selling record by a female artist in the history of the RCA Victor label at that time. In 1958, Horne became the first African-American woman to be nominated for a Tony Award for "Best Actress in a Musical", for her part in the "Calypso" musical Jamaica (which, at Horne's request featured her longtime friend Adelaide Hall).

Horne performing on The Bell Telephone Hour, 1965

From the late 1950s through to the 1960s, Horne was a staple of TV variety shows, appearing multiple times on Perry Como's Kraft Music Hall, The Ed Sullivan Show, The Dean Martin Show, and The Bell Telephone Hour. Other programs she appeared on included The Judy Garland Show, The Hollywood Palace, and The Andy Williams Show. Besides two television specials for the BBC (later syndicated in the U.S.), Horne starred in her own U.S. television special in 1969, Monsanto Night Presents Lena Horne. During this decade, the artist Pete Hawley painted her portrait for RCA Victor, capturing the mood of her performance style.

In 1970, she co-starred with Harry Belafonte in the hour-long Harry & Lena special for ABC; in 1973, she co-starred with Tony Bennett in Tony and Lena. Horne and Bennett subsequently toured the U.S. and U.K. in a show together. In the 1976 program America Salutes Richard Rodgers, she sang a lengthy medley of Rodgers songs with Peggy Lee and Vic Damone. Horne also made several appearances on The Flip Wilson Show. Additionally, Horne played herself on television programs such as The Muppet Show, Sesame Street, and Sanford and Son in the 1970s, as well as a 1985 performance on The Cosby Show and a 1993 appearance on A Different World. In the summer of 1980, Horne, 63 years old and intent on retiring from show business, embarked on a two-month series of benefit concerts sponsored by the sorority Delta Sigma Theta. These concerts were represented as Horne's farewell tour, yet her retirement lasted less than a year.

On April 13, 1980, Horne, Luciano Pavarotti, and host Gene Kelly were all scheduled to appear at a Gala performance at the Metropolitan Opera House to salute the NY City Center's Joffrey Ballet Company. However, Pavarotti's plane was diverted over the Atlantic and he was unable to appear. James Nederlander was an invited Honored Guest and observed that only three people at the sold-out Metropolitan Opera House asked for their money back. He asked to be introduced to Horne following her performance. In May 1981, The Nederlander Organization, Michael Frazier, and Fred Walker went on to book Horne for a four-week engagement at the newly named Nederlander Theatre on West 41st Street in New York City. The show was an instant success and was extended to a full year run, garnering Horne a special Tony award, and two Grammy Awards for the cast recording of her show Lena Horne: The Lady and Her Music. The 333-performance Broadway run closed on Horne's 65th birthday, June 30, 1982. Later that same week, she performed the entire show again to record it for television broadcast and home video release. Horne began a tour a few days later at Tanglewood (Massachusetts) during the weekend of July 4, 1982. The Lady and Her Music toured 41 cities in the U.S. and Canada until June 17, 1984. It played in London for a month in August and ended its run in Stockholm, Sweden, September 14, 1984. In 1981, she received a Special Tony Award for the show, which also played to acclaim at the Adelphi Theatre in London in 1984.[18] Despite the show's considerable success (Horne still holds the record for the longest-running solo performance in Broadway history), she did not capitalize on the renewed interest in her career by undertaking many new musical projects. A proposed 1983 joint recording project between Horne and Frank Sinatra (to be produced by Quincy Jones) was ultimately abandoned, and her sole studio recording of the decade was 1988's The Men in My Life, featuring duets with Sammy Davis Jr. and Joe Williams. In 1989, she received the Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award.

In 1995, a "live" album capturing Horne's Supper Club performance was released (subsequently winning a Grammy Award for Best Jazz Vocal Album). In 1998, Horne released another studio album, entitled Being Myself. Thereafter, Horne retired from performing and largely retreated from public view, though she did return to the recording studio in 2000 to contribute vocal tracks on Simon Rattle's Classic Ellington album.[12]

Civil rights activism

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Lena Horne posing with the Tuskegee Airmen in Tuskegee, Alabama during World War II.[N 1]

Horne was long involved with the Civil Rights Movement. In 1941, she sang at Café Society, New York City's first integrated venue, and worked with Paul Robeson. During World War II, when entertaining the troops for the USO, she refused to perform "for segregated audiences or for groups in which German POWs were seated in front of Black servicemen", according to her Kennedy Center biography.[21] Because the U.S. Army refused to allow integrated audiences, she staged her show for a mixed audience of Black U.S. soldiers and white German POWs. Seeing the Black soldiers had been forced to sit in the back seats, she walked off the stage to the first row where the Black troops were seated and performed with the Germans behind her. However, the USO observed at the time of her death that Horne did in fact tour "extensively with the USO during WWII on the West Coast and in the South".[22] The organization also commemorated her for the appearances she made on Armed Forces Radio Service programs Jubilee, G.I. Journal, and Command Performances.[22] In the film Stormy Weather (1943), Horne's character would perform the film's title song as part of a big, all-star show for World War II soldiers as well.[23] After quitting the USO in 1945, Horne financed tours of military camps herself.[24]

Horne was at an NAACP rally with Medgar Evers in Jackson, Mississippi, the weekend before Evers was assassinated. At the March on Washington she spoke and performed on behalf of the NAACP, S.N.C.C., and the National Council of Negro Women. She also worked with Eleanor Roosevelt in attempts to pass anti-lynching laws.[25] Tom Lehrer mentions her in his song "National Brotherhood Week" in the line "Lena Horne and Sheriff Clark are dancing cheek to cheek" referring (wryly) to her and to Sheriff Jim Clark, of Selma, Alabama, who was responsible for a violent attack on civil rights marchers in 1965. In 1983, the NAACP awarded her the Spingarn Medal.[26]

Horne was a registered Democrat and on November 20, 1963, she, along with Democratic National Committee (D.N.C.) Chairman John Bailey, Carol Lawrence, Richard Adler, Sidney Salomon, Vice-chairwoman of the DNC Margaret B. Price, and Secretary of the DNC Dorothy Vredenburgh Bush, visited John F. Kennedy at The White House,[27] two days prior to his assassination.

Personal life

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Horne at her 80th birthday party, 1997

Horne married Louis Jordan Jones, a political operative,[28][29] in January 1937 in Pittsburgh. On December 21, 1937, their daughter, Gail (1937–2024), was born. They had a son, Edwin Jones (1940–1970), who died of kidney disease.[3] Horne and Jones separated in 1940 and divorced in 1944. Horne's second marriage was to Lennie Hayton, who was music director and one of the premier musical conductors and arrangers at MGM, in December 1947 in Paris. They separated in the early 1960s but never divorced. He died in 1971.[30] In her as-told-to autobiography Lena by Richard Schickel, Horne recounts the enormous pressures she and her husband faced as an interracial couple. She later admitted in an interview in Ebony (May 1980) that she had married Hayton to advance her career and cross the color barrier in show business, but "learned to love him very much".[31]

Horne had affairs with long-time heavyweight champion Joe Louis, musician and actor Artie Shaw, actor Orson Welles, and director Vincente Minnelli.[15]

Horne also had a long and close relationship with Billy Strayhorn, whom she said she would have married if he had been heterosexual.[32] He was also an important professional mentor to her.

Screenwriter Jenny Lumet, known for her award-winning screenplay Rachel Getting Married, is Horne's granddaughter, the daughter of filmmaker Sidney Lumet and Horne's daughter Gail.[33] Her other grandchildren include Gail's other daughter, Amy Lumet, and her son's four children, Thomas, William, Samadhi and Lena. Her great-grandchildren include Jake Cannavale.[34]

Horne was Catholic.[35][36] From 1946 to 1962 she resided in St. Albans, Queens, New York, enclave of prosperous African Americans, where she counted among her neighbors Count Basie, Ella Fitzgerald and other jazz luminaries.[37] In the 1980s, she moved into the fifth floor of the Volney, a hotel-turned-co-op, at 23 East 74th Street.[38]

Death

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Lena Horne died of congestive heart failure at age 92 on May 9, 2010.[39] Her funeral took place at St. Ignatius Loyola Church on Park Avenue in New York, where she had been a member.[40] Thousands gathered and attendees included: Leontyne Price, Dionne Warwick, Liza Minnelli, Jessye Norman, Chita Rivera, Cicely Tyson, Diahann Carroll, Leslie Uggams, Lauren Bacall, Robert Osborne, Audra McDonald, and Vanessa Williams. Her remains were cremated.[41]

Legacy

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In 2003, ABC announced that Janet Jackson would star as Horne in a television biographical film. In the weeks following Jackson's "wardrobe malfunction" debacle during the 2004 Super Bowl, however, Variety reported that Horne had demanded Jackson be dropped from the project. "ABC executives resisted Horne's demand", according to the Associated Press report, "but Jackson representatives told the trade newspaper that she left willingly after Horne and her daughter, Gail Lumet Buckley, asked that she not take part." Oprah Winfrey stated to Alicia Keys during a 2005 interview on The Oprah Winfrey Show that she might possibly consider producing the biopic herself, casting Keys as Horne.[42]

In January 2005, Blue Note Records, her label for more than a decade, announced that "the finishing touches have been put on a collection of rare and unreleased recordings by the legendary Horne made during her time on Blue Note." Remixed by her long-time producer Rodney Jones, the recordings featured Horne with a remarkably secure voice for a woman of her years, and include versions of such signature songs as "Something to Live For", "Chelsea Bridge", and "Stormy Weather". The album, originally titled Soul but renamed Seasons of a Life, was released on January 24, 2006. In 2007, Horne was portrayed by Leslie Uggams as the older Lena and Nikki Crawford as the younger Lena in the stage musical Stormy Weather staged at the Pasadena Playhouse in California (January to March 2009). In 2011, Horne was also portrayed by actress Ryan Jillian in a one-woman show titled Notes from A Horne staged at the Susan Batson studio in New York City, from November 2011 to February 2012. The 83rd Academy Awards presented a tribute to Horne by actress Halle Berry at the ceremony held February 27, 2011.[43]

In 2018, a forever stamp depicting Horne began to be issued; this made Horne the 41st honoree in the Black Heritage stamp series.[44]

In June 2021, the Prospect Park bandshell in Brooklyn was renamed the Lena Horne Bandshell to honor Horne, a Bed-Stuy Brooklyn native, and to show solidarity with the Black community.[45]

The Nederlander Organization announced in June 2022 that Broadway's Brooks Atkinson Theatre would be renamed after her later that year.[46] The theater's marquee was unveiled on November 1, 2022. The theatre is now called the Lena Horne Theatre, which means Horne is the first Black woman to have a Broadway theater named after her.[47][48][49]

Awards

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Grammy Awards

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Lena Horne Grammy Award History[50][51]
1961 Lena Horne at the Sands Best Vocal Performance Album, Female Nominated
1962 Porgy and Bess Best Solo Vocal Performance, Female Nominated
1981 Lena Horne: The Lady and Her Music Best Pop Vocal Performance, Female Won
Lena Horne: The Lady and Her Music Best Cast Show Album Won
1988 The Men in My Life Best Jazz Vocal Performance Nominated
"I Won't Leave You Again" (with Joe Williams) Best Jazz Vocal Performance, Duo or Group Nominated
1989 Lifetime Achievement Award Won
1995 An Evening with Lena Horne Best Jazz Vocal Performance Won

Other awards

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Year Organization Category Result Notes
1957 Tony Awards Best Actress Nominee Jamaica
1980 Howard University Honorary doctorate[52] Honored
1980 Drama Desk Awards Outstanding Actress – Musical Won Lena Horne: The Lady and Her Music
1980 New York Drama Critics Circle Awards Special Citation Won Lena Horne: The Lady and Her Music
1981 Tony Awards Special Citation Won Lena Horne: The Lady and Her Music
1984 John F. Kennedy Center for
the Performing Arts 		Kennedy Center Honors[53] Won For extraordinary talent, creativity, and perseverance
1985 Emmy Award Lena Horne: The Lady and Her Music Nominee
1987 American Society of Composers,
Authors and Publishers 		The ASCAP Pied Piper Award[54] Won Given to entertainers who have made significant contributions to words and music
1994 Sammy Cahn Lifetime Achievement Award Songwriters Hall of Fame Won
1997 Society of Singers Society of Singers Lifetime Achievement Award[55] Won for "whom singers are awarded for their contribution to the world of music along with their dedicated efforts to benefit the community and worldwide causes"
1999 NAACP Image Award Outstanding Jazz Artist Won
2006 Martin Luther King, Jr.
National Historic Site 		International Civil Rights Walk of Fame[56] Inducted
? Hollywood Chamber of Commerce Hollywood Walk of Fame Won Honor (motion pictures)
? Hollywood Chamber of Commerce Hollywood Walk of Fame Won Honor (recordings)

Filmography

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Film

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Television

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Discography

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Albums

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Singles

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Notes

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  1. ^ Lena Horne performed for members of the United States military many times. Often she was required to perform for white troops first. She could only perform for the black troops the next day in a separate blacks-only mess hall.[19] She performed for the first black pilots (the Tuskegee Airmen) many times during World War II.[20]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b "About the Performer". American Masters. Lena Horne: In Her Own Words. May 14, 2010. PBS. Retrieved December 18, 2011.
  2. ^ "Jazz up the joint with Lena Horne’s $2M brownstone" by Jennifer Gould. New York Post. Nov. 9, 2016.
  3. ^ a b c McLellan, Dennis; Nelson, Valerie J. (May 10, 2010). "Lena Horne dies at 92; singer and civil rights activist who broke barriers". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on November 14, 2010. Retrieved May 10, 2010.
  4. ^ "Lena Horne's Father Dies". The New York Times. April 20, 1970. Retrieved February 26, 2022.
  5. ^ a b c Kalson, Sally (May 11, 2010). "Lena Horne came to Pittsburgh, then left to find stardom". Pittsburgh Post-Gazette. Retrieved June 30, 2017.
  6. ^ Brewer, John M. (2007). Pittsburgh Jazz. Arcadia Publishing. p. 14. ISBN 978-0738549804.
  7. ^ "Ancestors & Descendants of Lena Mary Calhoun Horne". The Family Forest.
  8. ^ Schickel, Richard; Horne, Lena (1965). Lena. Doubleday. p. 7.
  9. ^ "Lena Horne on Tonight Show 1982 – Part 1". NBC/YouTube. 1982. Archived from the original on October 30, 2021. Retrieved May 10, 2010.
  10. ^ a b c Cason, Caroline (November 15, 2013). "Lena Horne". New Georgia Encyclopedia. Archived from the original on October 18, 2012. Retrieved June 30, 2017.
  11. ^ Augustus F. Hawkins (November 18, 1992). "Black Leadership in Los Angeles: Tape Number: II, Side Two" (transcript). Interviewed by Clyde Woods. pp. 66–67. Retrieved January 8, 2009.
  12. ^ a b Fordham, John (May 10, 2010). "Lena Horne obituary". The Guardian. Guardian News & Media Limited. Retrieved September 30, 2021.
  13. ^ Underneath A Harlem Moon by Iain Cameron Williams ISBN 0826458939, OCLC 51780394
  14. ^ Lefkovitz, Aaron (2017). Transnational Cinematic and Popular Music Icons: Lena Horne, Dorothy Dandridge, and Queen Latifah, 1917–2017. Lexington Books. p. 5. ISBN 978-1498555760.
  15. ^ a b c Gavin, James (2009). Stormy Weather: The Life of Lena Horne. Altria Books. ISBN 978-0743271431.
  16. ^ a b "Lena Horne Weds Widmark In 'Patch'; U's Race Gesture". Variety. May 15, 1968. p. 3.
  17. ^ Meroney, John (August 27, 2015). "The Red-Baiting of Lena Horne". The Atlantic. Retrieved August 28, 2015.
  18. ^ Simonson, Robert (May 10, 2010). "Lena Horne, Singer and Actress, Dies at 92". Playbill.
  19. ^ Pilkington, Ed (May 10, 2010). "Lena Horne: a silken voice and fiery pride". The Guardian. Guardian News & Media Limited. Retrieved September 30, 2021.
  20. ^ Ralston Major, Glenda; Clark Johnson, III, Forrest; Lanning Minchew, Kaye (2011). LaGrange. Charleston South Carolina: Arcadia Publishing. p. 90. ISBN 978-0738587684. Retrieved September 30, 2021.
  21. ^ "Lena Horne: Biography". The Kennedy Center. Retrieved June 30, 2017.
  22. ^ a b "Remembering Lena Horne". USO.org. May 11, 2010. Retrieved December 21, 2020.
  23. ^ Selections from the Katherine Dunham Collection. "Stormy Weather". Library of Congress. Retrieved December 21, 2020.
  24. ^ Tucker, Sherrie (2000). Swing Shift: "All-Girl" Bands of the 1940s. Duke University Press. p. 240. ISBN 0822324857.
  25. ^ "Lena Horne Biography". Encyclopedia of World Biographies. Retrieved June 30, 2017.
  26. ^ "Spingarn Medal Winners: 1915 to Today". NAACP. Archived from the original on August 2, 2014.
  27. ^ "Visit of Democratic National Committee (DNC) Chairman John Bailey, Lena Horne, Carol Lawrence, Richard Adler, Sidney Salomon, Vice-Chairwoman of the DNC Margaret B. Price, and Secretary of the DNC Dorothy Vredenburgh Bush, 11:30AM – John F. Kennedy Presidential Library & Museum". Jfklibrary.org. Retrieved July 21, 2017.
  28. ^ "Lena Horne – Found Romance and Children In Pittsburgh on Her Way to Super Stardom". Pittsburgh Music History. Archived from the original on March 21, 2019. Retrieved July 11, 2018.
  29. ^ Imani Davy (February 26, 2015). "Black History Month Tribute to Lena Horne: The Actress and Activist". The Spectrum Student Newspaper · Bowie State University. Archived from the original on July 11, 2018. Retrieved July 11, 2018.
  30. ^ "Lena Horne Obituary". The Daily Telegraph. May 10, 2010. Retrieved June 30, 2017.
  31. ^ "Ebony Interview: Lena Horne". Ebony: 38–50. May 1980.
  32. ^ Hajdu, David (1997). Lush Life: A Biography of Billy Strayhorn. New York: North Point Press. p. 95. ISBN 978-0865475120.
  33. ^ Ebert, Roger (October 10, 2008). "Ella unenchanted goes to a wedding – Demme explores concept of family". Chicago Sun-Times. p. B1.
  34. ^ Gioia, Michael (February 20, 2015). "Heavy Metal Rocker and Broadway's New Fish: Get to Know Bobby Cannavale's Teenage Son, Jake". Playbill. Retrieved June 30, 2017.
  35. ^ "Catholic funeral said for groundbreaking singer-actress Lena Horne". Archdiocese of Baltimore. January 19, 2012. Retrieved December 19, 2020.
  36. ^ Allison (May 17, 2010). "Why I Am Catholic: Because Lena Horne Found Solace in the Church". Why I Am Catholic. Retrieved December 19, 2020.
  37. ^ "This Green and Pleasant Land" by Bryan Greene, in Poverty and Race, p. 3.
  38. ^ Marino, Vivian (October 21, 2022). "Lena Horne's Upper East Side Co-op Is Listed at $2.195 Million". The New York Times.
  39. ^ Bernstein, Adam (May 11, 2010). "Lena Horne Dies at 92". The Washington Post.
  40. ^ Morman, Dr Robert R. (2010). Adieus to Achievers. AuthorHouse. ISBN 978-1456727550 – via Google Books.
  41. ^ Barron, James (May 14, 2010). "Lena Horne, Who Moved Barriers and Emotions, Is Remembered". The New York Times.
  42. ^ Cane, Clay (February 24, 2012). "Where Is the Lena Horne Biopic?". BET News.
  43. ^ "Halle Berry Pays Tribute to Lena Horne at Oscars". Essence. February 28, 2011.
  44. ^ "Lena Horne honored with postage stamp | Entertainment". phillytrib.com. June 30, 1917. Retrieved February 7, 2018.
  45. ^ "Prospect Park Bandshell renamed Lena Horne Bandshell". prospectpark.org. June 25, 2021. Retrieved September 1, 2021.
  46. ^ Evans, Greg (June 9, 2022). "Broadway Theater To Be Renamed For Icon Lena Horne In Historic First". Deadline. Retrieved June 10, 2022.
  47. ^ Evans, Greg (October 19, 2022). "Lena Horne Theatre Coming To Broadway Next Month". Deadline. Retrieved October 20, 2022.
  48. ^ "Broadway theater renamed in honor of late actress Lena Horne". ABC7 New York. November 1, 2022. Retrieved November 2, 2022.
  49. ^ Carlin, Dave (November 1, 2022). "Lena Horne becomes first Black woman to have Broadway theater named after her". CBS News. Retrieved November 2, 2022.
  50. ^ "GRAMMY Winners Search". Archived from the original on December 31, 2008. Retrieved December 5, 2008.
  51. ^ "The Envelope: Hollywood's Awards and Industry Insider – Los Angeles Times". Theenvelope.latimes.com. July 13, 2017. Retrieved July 21, 2017.
  52. ^ "Kennedy Center: Biographical information for Lena Horne". Archived from the original on June 13, 2007. Retrieved June 9, 2007.
  53. ^ "Past Honorees". Kennedy-center.org. Retrieved July 21, 2017.
  54. ^ "ASCAP Error Page". www.ascap.com. Archived from the original on July 17, 2009. Retrieved November 30, 2007.
  55. ^ "Ella Award Special Events". February 12, 2011. Archived from the original on May 14, 2015. Retrieved May 10, 2015.
  56. ^ [1] Archived December 12, 2007, at the Wayback Machine
  57. ^ "Noble Sissle and his Orchestra". redhotjazz.com.

Bibliography

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Further reading

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