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Italian Navy

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
For other uses, see Italian Navy (disambiguation).

Italian Navy
Marina Militare
Coat of arms of the Italian Navy, displaying the coats of arms of former Italian maritime republics (clockwise from top left: Venice, Genoa, Pisa and Amalfi)
Founded3rd century BC as the Roman Navy
1861 as Regia Marina (official)
1946 as Marina Militare
Country Italy
TypeNavy
RoleNaval warfare
Size29,300 personnel
184 vessels (incl. minor auxiliaries)
70 aircraft[1]
Part ofItalian Armed Forces
Motto(s)Italian: Patria e Onore
"Motherland and Honour"
MarchLa Ritirata (ritirata is the return of soldiers to their barrack, or sailors to their ship after a leave) by Tommaso Mario
Anniversaries10 June – Sinking of the Austro-Hungarian battleship SMS Szent István by Luigi Rizzo
Decorations1 Cavalier Cross of the Military Order of Savoy
3 Cavalier's Crosses of the Military Order of Italy
2 Gold Medals of Military Valor
1 Silver Medal of Military Valor
1 Gold Medal for Merited Public Honor
Commanders
Chief of Staff of the Italian NavyAmmiraglio di squadra
Enrico Credendino
Deputy Chief of Naval StaffAmmiraglio di squadra
Claudio Gaudiosi
Insignia
Roundels
Ensign
Jack

The Italian Navy (Italian: Marina Militare, lit. 'Military Navy'; abbreviated as MM) is one of the four branches of Italian Armed Forces and was formed in 1946 from what remained of the Regia Marina (Royal Navy) after World War II. Historically the Italian Navy traces its roots back to the navy of Ancient Rome. As of August 2014, the Italian Navy had a strength of 30,923 active personnel, with approximately 184 vessels in service, including minor auxiliary vessels. It is considered a multiregional and a blue-water navy.[2][3][4]

History

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Before and during World War II

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Main article: Regia Marina

The Regia Marina was formed on 17 March 1861, after the proclamation of the Kingdom of Italy.[5] The Italian Navy assumed its present name after the Italian monarchy was abolished following a popular referendum held on 2 June 1946.

After World War II

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At the end of its five years involvement in World War II, Italy was a devastated nation. After the end of hostilities, the Regia Marina – which at the beginning of the war was the fourth largest navy in the world, with a mix of modernised and new battleships – started a long and complex rebuilding process. The important combat contributions of the Italian naval forces after the signing of the armistice with the Allies on 8 September 1943, and the subsequent cooperation agreement on 23 September 1943, left the Regia Marina in a poor condition, with much of its infrastructure and bases unusable and its ports mined and blocked by sunken ships. However, a large number of its naval units had survived the war, albeit in a low efficiency state, which was due to the conflict and the age of many vessels. The vessels that remained were:

  • 5 battleships
  • 10 cruisers
  • 10 destroyers
  • 20 frigates
  • 20 corvettes
  • 50 fast coastal patrol units
  • 50 minesweepers
  • 19 amphibious operations vessels
  • 5 school ships
  • 1 support ship and plane transport

The peace treaty

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The peace treaty signed on 10 February 1947 in Paris was onerous for Regia Marina. Apart from territorial and material losses, also the following restrictions were imposed:

  • A ban on owning, building or experimenting with atomic weapons, self-propulsion projectiles or relative launchers, etc.
  • A ban on owning battleships, aircraft carriers, submarines and amphibious assault units.
  • A ban on operating military installations on the islands of Pantelleria, Pianosa and on the archipelago of the Pelagie Islands.
Aircraft carrier Aquila just before being scrapped in La Spezia, 1951

The treaty also ordered Italy to put the following ships at the disposals of the victorious nations United States, Soviet Union, Great Britain, France, Greece, Yugoslavia and Albania as war compensation:

  • 3 battleships: Giulio Cesare, Italia, Vittorio Veneto;
  • 5 cruisers: Emanuele Filiberto Duca d'Aosta, Attilio Regolo, Scipione Africano, Eugenio di Savoia and Eritrea;
  • 7 destroyers, 5 of the Soldati class and Augusto Riboty and Alfredo Oriani;
  • 6 minesweepers: like Aliseo and Fortunale;
  • 8 submarines: 3 of the Acciaio class;
  • 1 sailing school ship: Cristoforo Colombo.

The entry into NATO

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Great changes in the international political situation, which were developing into the Cold War, convinced the United Kingdom and United States to discontinue the transfer of Italy's capital ships as war reparations. Some had already been dismantled in La Spezia between 1948 and 1955, including the aircraft carrier Aquila. However, the Soviet Union demanded the surrender of the battleship Giulio Cesare and other naval units designated for transfer. The cruisers Attilio Regolo and Scipione Africano became the French Chateaurenault and Guichen, while Eugenio di Savoia became the Greek Elli. After break up and transfers, only a small part of the fleet remained to be recommissioned into the Marina. As Western attention turned to the Soviets and the Mediterranean Sea, Italian seas became one of the main sites of confrontation between the two superpowers, contributing to the re-emergence of Italy's naval importance thanks to her strategic geographical position.

The carrier Cavour in the Gulf of Oman, 2013

With the new elections in 1946, the Kingdom of Italy became a republic, and the Regia Marina took the name of Marina Militare (lit. 'Military Navy'). As the Marshall Plan began to rebuild Italy and Europe was rapidly being divided into two geopolitically antagonistic blocs, Italy began talks with the United States to guarantee adequate security considerations. The US government in Washington wished to keep its own installations on the Italian Peninsula and relaxed the Treaty restrictions by including Italy in the Mutual Defense Assistance Programme (MDAP). On 4 April 1949, Italy joined the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) and, in order for the navy to contribute actively in the organization, the Treaty restrictions were definitively repealed by the end of 1951, with the consent of all of Western nations.

Within NATO, the Italian Navy was assigned combat control of the Adriatic Sea and Strait of Otranto, as well as the defence of the naval routes through the Tyrrhenian Sea. To ensure these tasks a Studio sul potenziamento della Marina italiana in relazione al Patto Atlantico (Study on the development of the Italian Navy with reference to the Atlantic Pact) was undertaken, which researched the structures and the methods for the development of the navy.

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Naval ensign of Italy

The ensign of the Italian Navy is the flag of Italy bearing the coat of arms of the Italian Navy. The shield's quarters refer to the four Medieval Italian Maritime Republics:

The coat of arms is surmounted by a golden crown, which distinguishes military vessels from those of the merchant navy.

The crown, corona rostrata, was proposed in 1939 as a conjectural link to the Roman navy by Admiral Domenico Cavagnari, then a member of the Chamber of Fasces and Corporations in the Fascist government. In the proposal, Adm. Cavagnari wrote that "in order to recall the common origin [of the Navy] from the Roman mariners, the Insignia will be surmounted by the towered Crown with rostra, the emblem of honour and valour the Roman Senate awarded to the leaders of naval victories, conquerors of lands and cities across the seas".

A further difference is that St. Mark's lion, symbolising the Republic of Venice, does not hold the gospel in its paw (as it does on the civil ensign, where the book is open at the words "Pax tibi Marce, evangelista meus", meaning "peace to you, Mark, my evangelist") and is wielding a sword instead: such an image is consistent with the pictorial tradition from Venetian history, in which the book is shown open during peacetime and closed during wartime.

Structure and organisation

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Organization

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Main article: Structure of the Italian Navy

In 2012 the Navy began a restructuring process that will see a 21% decrease in personnel by 2025. A new structure was implemented in January 2014.[6]

Position Italian title Rank Incumbent
Chief of Staff of the Navy Capo di Stato Maggiore della Marina Vice Admiral Enrico Credendino
Deputy Chief of Staff of the Navy Sottocapo di Stato Maggiore della Marina Vice Admiral Giuseppe Berutti Bergotto[7]
Commander in Chief Naval Fleet Comandante in Capo della Squadra Navale (CINCNAV) Vice Admiral Aurelio De Carolis
Commander Schools Command Comandante Scuole (MARICOMSCUOLE) Vice Admiral Antonio Natale[8]
Commander Logistics Command Comandante Logistico (MARICOMLOG) Vice Admiral Salvatore Vitiello[9]
Commander Maritime Command North
 Comandante del Comando Marittimo Nord (MARINANORD) Rear Admiral Giorgio Lazio[10]
Commander Maritime Command South
 Comandante del Comando Marittimo Sud (MARINASUD) Rear Admiral Eduardo Serra[11][12]
Commander Maritime Command Sicily
 Comandante del Comando Marittimo Sicilia (MARISICILIA) Rear Admiral Nicola De Felice[13]
Commander Maritime Command Rome
 Comandante del Comando Marittimo Capitale (MARICAPITALE) Rear Admiral
Raiders and Divers Grouping Comandante Raggruppamento Subacquei ed Incursori (COMSUBIN) Rear Admiral Paolo Pezzuti

Coast Guard

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The Corps of the Port Captaincies – Coast Guard (Corpo delle Capitanerie di porto – Guardia costiera) is the coast guard of Italy and is part of the Italian Navy under the control of the Ministry of Infrastructures and Transports, the Ministry of the Environment, the Ministry of Agricultural, Food and Forestry Policies, as well as the Ministry of Defence. In Italy, it is commonly known as simply the Guardia costiera or Capitaneria di Porto. The Coast Guard has approximately 11,000 staff. [14]

Corps

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The Italian Navy is divided into six corps (by precedence):

  • Corpo di stato maggiore – Staff Officers Corps (SM): line officers
  • Corpo del genio della Marina – Naval Engineers Corps (GM)
    • Specialità genio navale – Marine engineering branch (GM/GN): engineer officers
    • Specialità armi navali – Naval ordnance branch (GM/AN): weapon engineer officers
    • Specialità genio infrastrutture – Infrastructure engineering (GM/INFR): civil engineer officers
  • Corpo sanitario militare marittimo – Maritime Military Medical Corps: (MD) for medics, (FM) for pharmacists
  • Corpo di commissariato militare marittimo – Military Maritime Supply Corps (CM): administration, paymaster, legal executive, supply, logistics officer
  • Corpo delle capitanerie di porto – Port Captaincies Corps (CP): the coast guard
  • Corpo degli equipaggi militari marittimi – Military Maritime Crews Corps (CEMM)

Fleet

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Command of the Italian Fleet (ships, submarines and amphibious forces) and Naval aviation[15] falls under the Commander in Chief Naval Fleet.

Equipment

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Ships and submarines

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Main articles: List of active Italian Navy ships and List of decommissioned ships of the Italian Navy

Today's Italian Navy is a modern navy with ships of every type. The fleet is in continuous evolution, and as of today oceangoing fleet units include: 2 light aircraft carriers, 3 amphibious assault ships, 4 destroyers, 11 frigates and 8 attack submarines. Patrol and littoral warfare units include: 10 offshore patrol vessels, 10 mine countermeasure vessels, 4 coastal patrol boats, and a varied fleet of auxiliary ships are also in service.[16]

The flagship of the fleet is the carrier Cavour.

Aircraft

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Main article: List of active Italian military aircraft § Italian Naval Aviation
See also: Italian Naval Aviation

The Italian Navy operates a diverse fleet of aircraft including fixed-wing, rotary and UAVs.

Future

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  • 2 x Bergamini-class Mutiruolo+ (Enhanced, with ASW capabilities) frigates, being built to replace two vessels from the Italian FREMM-class build program that were transferred to Egypt in 2020 and 2021; delivery is anticipated in the 2025–26 period.[17]
  • 2 x Bergamini-class EVO (ASW) frigates; delivery is anticipated in the 2029–30 period.[18]

The 2014 Naval Act allocated €5.4 billion for the following vessels:[19]

The 2017 budget allocated €12.8 billion (2017–2032 years) for the following ships:

The 2018 budget allocated about €1 billion for:[25]

  • 2 x U212NFS attack submarines, for commissioning in 2027–2029.[26] In December 2022, an amended contract was signed for production of a third NFS Submarine based on the design of the previous two submarines. The third Submarine (NFS 3) is planned to be delivered at the end of 2030, while a contract for the fourth boat was signed in 2024.[27][28]

The "Documento Programmatico Pluriennale 2021–2023" funds the following ships:[29]

Planned:

For the Naval Aviation the Navy plans to expand or replace the following assets:[22]

For the San Marco Marine Brigade, the Navy plans to acquire following assets:[22]

Rank structure

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Main article: Italian Navy ranks

Commissioned officer ranks

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The rank insignia of commissioned officers.

NATO code OF-10 OF-9 OF-8 OF-7 OF-6 OF-5 OF-4 OF-3 OF-2 OF-1
 Italian Navy[34][35][36]
Ammiraglio Ammiraglio di squadra con incarichi speciali Ammiraglio di squadra Ammiraglio di divisione Contrammiraglio Capitano di vascello Capitano di fregata Capitano di corvetta Tenente di vascello Sottotenente di vascello Guardiamarina

Other ranks

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The rank insignia of non-commissioned officers and enlisted personnel.

NATO code OR-9 OR-8 OR-7 OR-6 OR-5 OR-4 OR-3 OR-2 OR-1
 Italian Navy[37][38]
Capo di prima classe Capo di seconda classe Capo di terza classe
Sottocapo aiutante Sottocapo scelto Sottocapo di prima classe Sottocapo di seconda classe Sottocapo di terza classe
No insignia
Primo luogotenente Luogotenente Primo maresciallo Secondo aiutante Secondo capo scelto Secondo capo Sergente Comune scelto Comune di prima classe Comune di seconda classe

See also

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Notes

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References

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  1. ^ "Rapporto Marina Militare 2023" (PDF). www.marina.difesa.it (in Italian).
  2. ^ Todd, Daniel; Lindberg, Michael (May 14, 1996). Navies and Shipbuilding Industries: The Strained Symbiosis. Greenwood Publishing Group. ISBN 9780275953102. Retrieved May 14, 2018 – via Google Books.
  3. ^ Till, Geoffrey (August 2, 2004). Seapower: A Guide for the Twenty-First Century. London: Routledge. pp. 113–120. ISBN 9781135756789. Retrieved December 15, 2015.
  4. ^ Coffey, Joseph I. (1989). The Atlantic Alliance and the Middle East. United States: University of Pittsburgh Press. p. 89. ISBN 9780822911548. Retrieved November 30, 2015.
  5. ^ "151° anniversario della Marina Militare all'insegna della solidarietà e della sobrietà" (in Italian). Ministero della Difesa Marina Militare. June 6, 2012. Retrieved May 28, 2020.
  6. ^ "Organizzazione". Italian Navy. Retrieved September 1, 2016.
  7. ^ "Marina, Squadra Navale: De Carolis nuovo Comandante in capo". December 17, 2021.
  8. ^ Ammiraglio di Squadra Antonio Natale Retrieved 8 March 2023
  9. ^ "Comandante del Comando Logistico della Marina Militare - Marina Militare". www.marina.difesa.it.
  10. ^ "Il Comandante – Marina Militare". marina.difesa.it. Retrieved May 14, 2018.
  11. ^ "Comandante del Comando Marittimo Sud – Marina Militare". marina.difesa.it. Retrieved May 14, 2018.
  12. ^ "Marina Militare, cambio al vertice Le foto". tarantobuonasera.it. Retrieved May 14, 2018.[permanent dead link]
  13. ^ "Augusta, Cambia Il Vertice del Comando Marittimo Sicilia: De Felice Prende Il Posto di Camerini | Siracusa News". Archived from the original on June 27, 2015. Retrieved January 19, 2017.
  14. ^ "Coast Guard – Port Authorities". Italian Navy. Retrieved September 6, 2016.
  15. ^ "The Present Aviation – Marina Militare". marina.difesa.it. Retrieved May 14, 2018.
  16. ^ "The Fleet – Marina Militare". marina.difesa.it. Retrieved May 14, 2018.
  17. ^ a b "New ships, submarines and weapon systems for Italian Navy". Naval News. November 23, 2020.
  18. ^ "Orrizonte Sistemi Navali Signs €1.5 Billion Contract For Two "FREMM EVO" Frigates for the Italian Navy". Naval News. November 23, 2020.
  19. ^ "Naval Program 2014". Marina Militare. Ministero Della Difensa. Retrieved May 14, 2018.
  20. ^ "Ecco i nuovi LC23" [Here are the new LC23s]. Portale Difesa (in Italian). Archived from the original on June 27, 2020.
  21. ^ "Baglietto Navy si aggiudica la commessa di 2 pattugliatori FFC per la Marina Militare Italiana" [Baglietto Navy wins the order for 2 FFC patrol boats for the Italian Navy] (in Italian). Baglietto Navy. May 21, 2019. Retrieved December 4, 2023.
  22. ^ a b c d e f g h i j "Linee di indirizzo strategico 2019–2034" (PDF). Marina Militare. Stato Maggiore della Marina. Archived from the original (PDF) on July 23, 2019. Retrieved November 11, 2019.
  23. ^ "Fincantieri – Logistic Support Ships". fincantieri.com. Archived from the original on April 20, 2018. Retrieved May 14, 2018.
  24. ^ "Fincantieri – Hydrographic Survey Vessel". fincantieri.com. Archived from the original on May 14, 2018. Retrieved May 14, 2018.
  25. ^ "Pinotti: "L'Italia avrà altri due sommergibili"" [Pinotti: «Italy will have two more submarines»]. The Medi Telegraph (in Italian). Archived from the original on March 16, 2018. Retrieved May 14, 2018.
  26. ^ "Italy's U212NFS Near Future Submarine Contract Signed". Naval News. February 26, 2021.
  27. ^ Kington, Tom (June 28, 2024). "Italy signs deal for final submarine in four-strong U-212 NFS series". Defense News.
  28. ^ "U212 NFS (Near Future Submarine) 2nd Contract Amendment Awarded". Naval News. December 26, 2022.
  29. ^ "Difesa: Approvato il Documento Programmatico Pluriennale 2021–2023" [Defense: The 2021-2023 Multi-Year Programme Document has been approved]. Forze Armate.org (in Italian). August 5, 2021.
  30. ^ Peruzzi, Luca (November 20, 2023). "Italian MoD's Defence Planning Document 2023-2025: New Naval And Joint Programs". Naval News. Retrieved November 20, 2023.
  31. ^ Tringham, Kate (August 3, 2023). "Orizzonte Sistemi Navali receives contract for new Italian Navy OPVs". Janes.
  32. ^ Peruzzi, Luca (November 20, 2023). "Italian MoD's Defence Planning Document 2023–2025: New Naval And Joint Programs". Naval News. Retrieved November 20, 2023.
  33. ^ "Italian Navy orders 36 Amphibious Armoured Vehicles". Naval News. January 11, 2023.
  34. ^ "Ufficiali Ammiragli". marina.difesa.it (in Italian). Ministry of Defence. Retrieved September 26, 2021.
  35. ^ "Ufficiali Superiori". marina.difesa.it (in Italian). Ministry of Defence. Retrieved September 26, 2021.
  36. ^ "Ufficiali Inferiori". marina.difesa.it (in Italian). Ministry of Defence. Retrieved September 26, 2021.
  37. ^ "Sottufficiali". marina.difesa.it (in Italian). Ministry of Defence. Retrieved September 26, 2021.
  38. ^ "LEGGE 5 agosto 2022, n. 119" [Law 5 August 2022, n. 119] (in Italian). Archived from the original on May 24, 2024.
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