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Liberty Hyde Bailey

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Liberty Hyde Bailey
Born(1858-03-15)March 15, 1858
South Haven, Michigan, U.S.
DiedDecember 25, 1954(1954-12-25) (aged 96)
Ithaca, New York, U.S.
Alma materMichigan Agricultural College (now Michigan State University)
AwardsVeitch Memorial Medal (1897)
Scientific career
FieldsBotany
InstitutionsMichigan State University, Cornell University
Author abbrev. (botany)L.H. Bailey

Liberty Hyde Bailey (March 15, 1858 – December 25, 1954) was an American horticulturist and reformer of rural life. He was cofounder of the American Society for Horticultural Science.[1]: 10–15  As an energetic reformer during the Progressive Era, he was instrumental in starting agricultural extension services, the 4-H movement, the nature study movement, parcel post and rural electrification. He was considered the father of rural sociology and rural journalism.

Biography

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Born in South Haven, Michigan, as the third son of farmers Liberty Hyde Bailey Sr. and Sarah Harrison Bailey. In 1876, Bailey met Lucy Millington who encouraged his interest in botany and mentored him.[2][3] Bailey entered the Michigan Agricultural College (MAC, now Michigan State University) in 1877 and graduated in 1882 (he had taken a year off from study for health reasons). The next year, he became assistant to the renowned botanist Asa Gray, of Harvard University. This was arranged by a professor at MAC, William James Beal.[4] Bailey spent two years with Gray as his herbarium assistant.[5] The same year, he married Annette Smith, the daughter of a Michigan cattle breeder, whom he met at the Michigan Agricultural College. They had two daughters, Sara May, born in 1887, and Ethel Zoe, born in 1889.

In 1884 Bailey returned to MAC to become professor and chair of the Horticulture and Landscape Gardening Department, establishing the first horticulture department in the country.[6]

In 1888, he moved to Cornell University in Ithaca, New York,[7] where he assumed the chair of Practical and Experimental Horticulture. In 1896, he was elected to the American Philosophical Society.[8] He was elected an Associate Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1900.[9] He founded the College of Agriculture, and in 1904 he was able to secure public funding. He was dean of what was then known as New York State College of Agriculture from 1903 to 1913. In 1908, he was appointed Chairman of The National Commission on Country Life by president Theodore Roosevelt. Its 1909 Report called for rebuilding a great agricultural civilization in America. In 1913, he retired to become a private scholar and devote more time to social and political issues. In 1917 he was elected a member of the United States National Academy of Sciences.[10]

He edited The Cyclopedia of American Agriculture (1907–09), the Cyclopedia of American Horticulture (1900–02) (continued as the Standard Cyclopedia Of Horticulture (1916–1919)[11]) and the Rural Science, Rural Textbook, Gardencraft, and Young Folks Library series of manuals. He was the founding editor of the journals Country Life in America and the Cornell Countryman. He dominated the field of horticultural literature, writing some sixty-five books, which together sold more than a million copies, including scientific works, efforts to explain botany to laypeople, a collection of poetry; edited more than a hundred books by other authors and published at least 1,300 articles and over 100 papers in pure taxonomy.[12]

He coined the words cultivar,[13] cultigen,[14] and indigen. His most significant and lasting contributions were in the botanical study of cultivated plants. Bailey's publisher was George Platt Brett, Sr. of Macmillan Publishers (United States).[15]

Death

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Liberty Hyde Bailey designed mausoleum at Lake View Cemetery, Ithaca, New York.

Bailey and his family are interred in a grand Egyptian Revival styled mausoleum of his own design at Lake View Cemetery in Ithaca, New York.[16]

Rediscovery of Gregor Mendel's work

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Bailey was one of the first to recognize the overall importance of Gregor Mendel's work. He cited Mendel's 1865 and 1869 papers in the bibliography that accompanied his 1892 paper, "Cross Breeding and Hybridizing". Mendel is mentioned again in the 1895 edition of Bailey's "Plant Breeding".[17][18][19]

Agrarian ideology

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Bailey represented an agrarianism that stood in the tradition of Thomas Jefferson. He had a vision of suffusing all higher education, including horticulture, with a spirit of public work and integrating "expert knowledge" into a broader context of democratic community action.[20] As a leader of the Country Life Movement, he strove to preserve the American rural civilization, which he thought was a vital and wholesome alternative to the impersonal and corrupting city life. In contrast to other progressive thinkers at the time, he endorsed the family, which, he recognized, played a unique role in socialization. Especially the family farm had a benign influence as a natural cooperative unit where everybody had real duties and responsibilities. The independence it fostered made farmers "a natural correction against organization men, habitual reformers, and extremists". It was necessary to uphold fertility in order to maintain the welfare of future generations.[21]

According to Bailey, the American rural population, however, was backward, ignorant and saddled with inadequate institutions. The key to his reform program was guidance by an educated elite toward a new social order. The Extension System was partly pioneered by Bailey. The grander design of a new rural social structure needed a philosophical vision that could inspire and motivate. Bailey proposed a Society of the Holy Earth in his book, The Holy Earth (1915). He envisioned farmers and others rising to the task of stewardship of the land, forests, oceans and all creation. The Holy Earth has been recognized as an early text of ecological theology.[22]

Bailey's real legacy was, according to Allan C. Carlson, the themes and direction that he gave the new agrarian movement, ideas very different from previous agrarian thought. He saw technological innovation as friendly to the family farm and inevitably resulting in decentralization. He was scornful of the actual forms of peasant life and wanted to transform it by cutting the farmers loose from "the slavery of old restraints". Parochial and communal social groups should be broken down and replaced by "inter–neighborhood" and "inter–community" groups, while new leaders would be called in "who will promote inclusive rather than exclusive sociability." Bailey and his followers held a quasi–religious faith in education by enlightened experts, which meant suppression of inherited ways and substitution by progressive ways. It was accompanied by a corresponding hostility to traditional religion.[21]

Bailey's simultaneous embrace of the rural civilization and of technological progress had been based on a denial of the possibility of overproduction of farm products. When that became a reality in the 1920s, he turned to a "new economics" that would give farmers special treatment. Finally, after desperately toying with Communism, he had to choose between fewer farmers and farm families and restraint on technology or production. He chose to preserve technology rather than the family farms. After this, he retreated from the Country Life movement into scientific study.[21]

Bailey's influence on modern American Agrarianism remains determinative. The inherent contradictions of his ideas have been equally persistent: the tension between real farmers and rural people and the Country Life campaign; difficulties to understand the operative economic forces; the reliance on state schools to safeguard family farms; and hostility to traditional Christian faith.[21]

Palm studies

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Bailey made significant contributions to the taxonomic study of palms. His interest in the plants reportedly stemmed from his inability to answer his wife's questions about the plants during a family trip to Jamaica in 1910.[23]: 182  After retiring as dean of the Cornell University College of Agriculture and Life Sciences in 1913, he devoted the better part of three decades to finding, collecting, and writing about palms.[24] He developed a detailed method of collecting palm specimens that included photographing the tree in its entirety, preserving flowers and fruits in alcohol, pressing flower clusters, and carefully folding sections of the leaves to fit herbarium sheets.[25]

Bailey traveled extensively in search of palms and other plants. In the 1920s, he was often accompanied by his daughter and scientific collaborator, Ethel Zoe Bailey.[24] Already in his fifties when he began studying palms, Bailey continued to collect into his 90s. He was frequently abroad on his birthday, March 15. Thus, he could recall spending his 79th in Port-au-Prince, Haiti, his 82nd in Oaxaca, Mexico, his 88th in Trinidad, his 90th in Grenada, and his 91st at sea on a small sailboat between Sint Eustatius and Saint Kitts.[24] Friends and colleagues at Cornell hoped to hold a 90th birthday celebration for Bailey, and they did, but only after their guest of honor returned to Ithaca in May.[24]  

When Bailey began studying palms, about 700 species had been identified. The number reached thousand by 1946, the rise due in large part to his intensive study of the family.[23]: 219  Ill health finally forced Bailey to discontinue collecting abroad in 1949, at the age of 91.[24] He continued to study, compare, and write about his palm specimens. His ultimate goal was to produce an authoritative guide to all palms, titled Genera Palmarum.[24] When he died, he left behind a manuscript of the first page of the introduction. Genera Palmarum was ultimately published by Drs. Natalie Uhl and John Dransfield in 1987.[26] A second, expanded, edition was released in 2008.[27]  

Legacy

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Bailey was awarded the Veitch Memorial Medal of the Royal Horticultural Society in 1897.

Bailey Hall at Cornell University

Cornell has memorialized Bailey by dedicating Bailey Hall in his honor, as well as the LH Bailey Hortorium and Herbarium, a named professorship, and the Baileya journal. The Herbarium houses many of his palm collections, as well as an assortment of photos, a portrait, and several of his personal items including his desk. Since 1958 the American Horticultural Society has issued the annual Liberty Hyde Bailey Award.[28] A residence hall in Brody Complex at Michigan State University, and an elementary school in East Lansing, Michigan, were also named after him.

In 1928, a tree (Sterculia foetida) dedicated to Bailey was planted at the University of Hawaiʻi at Mānoa Campus Arboretum, and is now listed there as an Exceptional Tree.[29]

About 140 years after his birth, the Liberty Hyde Bailey Scholars Program was created at Michigan State University, the institution of higher learning where Bailey was both educated and began his career. The Bailey Scholars Program incorporates L.H. Bailey's love of learning and expressive learning styles to provide a space for students to become educated in fields that interest them.

The Liberty Hyde Bailey Birthplace is listed on the National Register of Historic Places.


The standard author abbreviation L.H.Bailey is used to indicate this person as the author when citing a botanical name.[30]

Selected works

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Books

Articles

  • Bailey, L.H. - Canna x generalis. Hortus, 118 (1930); cf. Standley & Steyerm. in Fieldiana, Bot., xxiv. III.204 (1952).
  • Bailey, L.H. - Canna x orchiodes. Gentes Herb. (Ithaca), 1 (3): 120 (1923).

See also

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References

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  1. ^ Makers of American Botany, Harry Baker Humphrey, Ronald Press Company, Library of Congress Card Number 61-18435
  2. ^ Bailey, Liberty Hyde (1939-01-01). "Lucy Millington". Torreya; A Monthly Journal of Botanical Notes and News. 39: 159–163 – via Biodiversity Heritage Library.
  3. ^ Tolley, Kim (2014). The Science Education of American Girls: a Historical Perspective. Hoboken: Taylor and Francis. p. 116. ISBN 9781135339203. OCLC 876513332.
  4. ^ Dupree, A. Hunter (1988). Asa Gray, American Botanist, Friend of Darwin. Baltimore, Maryland: Johns Hopkins University Press. pp. 384–385, 388. ISBN 978-0-801-83741-8.
  5. ^ "Liberty Hyde Bailey Jr. (1858-1954) Papers". Harvard University Herbaria. Archived from the original on April 2, 2015. Retrieved March 8, 2015.
  6. ^ "Who Was Liberty Hyde Bailey?".
  7. ^ "Liberty Hyde Bailey". Retrieved September 26, 2017.
  8. ^ "APS Member History". search.amphilsoc.org. Retrieved 2024-03-08.
  9. ^ "Book of Members, 1780-2010: Chapter B" (PDF). American Academy of Arts and Sciences. Retrieved 5 May 2011.
  10. ^ Banks, Harlan P. (1994). "Liberty Hyde Bailey 1858—1954" (PDF). Biographical Memoirs. 64.
  11. ^ Bailey 1919.
  12. ^ "Liberty Hyde Bailey Writings". Cornell University Library. Retrieved September 21, 2013.
  13. ^ Bailey, L.H. (1923). Various cultigens, and transfers in nomenclature. Gentes Herb. 1: pages 113-136
  14. ^ Bailey, L.H. (1918). The indigen and the cultigen. Science ser. 2, 47: pages 306-308.
  15. ^ Biographic Memoirs V. 64. p. 9.
  16. ^ "Cemetery History – Lake View Cemetery Co., Inc".
  17. ^ "The Role of Liberty Hyde Bailey and Hugo de Vries in the Rediscovery of Mendelism," Conway Zirkle, Journal of the History of Biology, Volume 1, Number 2 (Autumn, 1968), pages 205-218. Here is an excerpt: "De Vries as we have noted, gave three different accounts, and this leads us to Liberty Hyde Bailey (1858–1954). In a letter to Bailey, de Vries stated that he was led to Mendel's work by an item in a bibliography that Bailey had published in 1892. Bailey inserted an excerpt from this letter in a footnote in the later editions of his book, Plant Breeding, a very successful book that went through several editions. De Vries wrote (from the Fourth Edition, 1906, page 155): Many years ago you had the kindness to send me your article on Cross Breeding and Hybridization of 1892; and I hope it will interest you to know that it was by means of your bibliography therein that I learned some years afterwards of the existence of Mendel's papers, which now are coming to so high credit. Without your aid I fear I should not have found them at all. Some years later (1924), de Vries gave another and different account in a letter he wrote to Roberts....."
  18. ^ Conway Zirkle: "The role of Liberty Hyde Bailey and Hugo de Vries in the rediscovery of Mendelism," The Journal of the History of Biology, Vol. 1, No. 2 / September, 1968.
  19. ^ "L.H. Bailey's citations to Gregor Mendel" in: Michael H. MacRoberts, The Journal of Heredity 1984:75(6):500-501. Here's part of the abstract: "L. H. Bailey cited Mendel's 1865 and 1869 papers in the bibliography that accompanied his 1892 paper, Cross-Breeding and Hybridizing, and Mendel is mentioned once in the 1895 edition of Bailey's Plant-Breeding. Bailey also saw a reference to Mendel's 1865 paper in Jackson's Guide to the Literature of Botany. Bailey's 1895 mention of Mendel occurs in a passage he translated from Focke's Die Pflanzen-Mischlinge."
  20. ^ Stephen L. Elkin, Karol Edward Sołtan: Citizen competence and democratic institutions p. 272. Penn State Press, 1999. ISBN 978-0-271-01816-4
  21. ^ a b c d Allan C Carlson: The New Agrarian Mind Chapter 1 "Toward a New Rural Civilization: Liberty Hyde Bailey"
  22. ^ Bailey, Liberty H. (2015). The Holy Earth: The Birth of a New Land Ethic, edited by John Linstrom. Berkeley, California: Counterpoint. ISBN 9781619025875.
  23. ^ a b Dorf, Philip (1956). Liberty Hyde Bailey; An Informal Biography. Ithaca, New York: Cornell University Press.
  24. ^ a b c d e f Moon, Mary H. (June 1958). "Botanical Explorations of Liberty Hyde Bailey 2. The Caribbean Islands and Bermuda". Baileya. 6: 73–82.
  25. ^ Bailey, Liberty Hyde (July 17, 1946). "The palm herbarium - with remarks on certain taxonomic practices". Gentes Herbarum. 7: 151–180 – via Hathi Trust.
  26. ^ Uhl, Natalie W.; Dransfield, John (1987). Genera Palmarum: a classification of palms based on the work of Harold E. Moore, Jr. Lawrence, Kan.: L.H. Bailey Hortorium. ISBN 0935868305. OCLC 15641317.
  27. ^ Dransfield, John; Uhl, Natalie W.; Asmussen, Conny B.; Baker, William J.; Harley, Madeline; Lewis, Carl (2008). Genera Palmarum: the evolution and classification of palms. Richmond, Surrey, UK: Kew Pub. ISBN 9781842461822. OCLC 265983827.
  28. ^ "Previous Winners: Honoring Horticultural Heroes". Retrieved September 21, 2013.
  29. ^ "UH Mānoa · Campus Plant Collections". manoa.hawaii.edu. Retrieved 2017-03-26.
  30. ^ International Plant Names Index.  L.H.Bailey.
  31. ^ "Review of Sketch of the Evolution of our Native Fruits by L. H. Bailey". The Athenæum (3767): 21. 6 January 1900.
  32. ^ Banks 1994.

Bibliography

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  • Bailey, Liberty Hyde. The country-life movement in the United States (Macmillan, 1915).
  • Bailey, Liberty Hyde. Liberty Hyde Bailey: Essential Agrarian and Environmental Writings (Cornell University Press, 2011)
  • Banks, Harlan P. (1994). "Liberty Hyde Bailey 1858-1954. A biographical memoir" (PDF). Washington, D.C.: National Academy of Sciences. Retrieved 22 July 2015.
  • Bogue, Margaret Beattie. "Liberty Hyde Bailey, Jr. and the Bailey Family Farm." Agricultural history 63.1 (1989): 26-48. online
  • Colman, Gould P. Education & Agriculture: A History of the New York State College of Agriculture at Cornell University. (Cornell University Press, 1963), 228–329; on Bailey’s career at Cornell.
  • Connors, James J. "Liberty Hyde Bailey: agricultural educator and philosopher." NACTA Journal 56.4 (2012): 44-51. online
  • Kates, James. "Liberty Hyde Bailey, Agricultural Journalism, and the Making of the Moral Landscape." Journalism History 36.4 (2011): pages 207-217. online
  • Minteer, Ben A. "Biocentric Farming?: Liberty Hyde Bailey and Environmental Ethics." Environmental Ethics 30.4 (2008): pages 341-359.
  • Morgan, Paul A., and Scott J. Peters. "The foundations of planetary agrarianism. Thomas Berry and Liberty Hyde Bailey." Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Ethics 19.5 (2006): pages 443-468. online
  • Peters, Scott J. " 'Every Farmer Should Be Awakened]: Liberty Hyde Bailey's Vision of Agricultural Extension Work." Agricultural History (2006): pages 190-219. online
  • Rodgers, Andrew Denny III (1970). "Bailey, Liberty Hyde". Dictionary of Scientific Biography. Vol. 1. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons. pp. 395–397. ISBN 978-0-684-10114-9.
  • Rodgers, A.D. 1949. Liberty Hyde Bailey: A Story of American Plant Sciences, Princeton University Press, Princeton, New Jersey.
  • Zirkle, Conway. "The role of Liberty Hyde Bailey and Hugo de Vries in the rediscovery of Mendelism." Journal of the History of Biology 1.2 (1968): pages 205-218.
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